History Of The Philippine Monetary System Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4326 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? ÂÂ   Most people dont spend much time wondering what money is, their major concern is how much they have, and how to get more. Usually, the question of what money IS arises only when money ceases to function properly. In economics (properly understood), the answer to the question what is money? consists of three words: Thats all. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History Of The Philippine Monetary System Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Yet the conception of a medium of exchange ranks below only language (with its corollaries speech and the written word) as the greatest intellectual discovery in history. Without language, the exchange of anything but the most rudimentary ideas is impossible. Without money, the production and exchange of anything but the most rudimentary goods and services is impossible. It is not difficult or time consuming, or inefficient, it is IMPOSSIBLE! Animals dont exchange (or trade) amongst one another. They are self-sufficient, or they take from each other, or they exercise the prerogative of superior strength and/or cunning. There are some human beings who get along in a very similar fashion, but the overwhelming majority recognises the benefits of voluntary exchange. Strictly speaking, the use of the word voluntary in this context is redundant. The phrase your money or your life is not the precursor to an exchange, whether the person uttering it brandishes a gun or a government identi ty card. The first rule of any voluntary exchange is simplicity itself. If two people are willing to exchange, each must view the results of the exchange as being beneficial. If either of them is not of that view, the exchange will not take place. Direct exchange, or barter, is exactly that my good or service for your good or service. The problem is that I might want what you have to offer, but you might not want what I offer in exchange. With no medium of exchange, there is no deal. Indirect exchange takes place when one party has a medium that is always acceptable, not for what it is, but for what can be done with it. If you offer me money, I will accept it, because I know that I can exchange it for what I want, whenever I want it. Indirect exchange involves the use of MONEY the medium of exchange. Money is the universal key, it fits all locks. And the world it has unlocked is the world we live in today. Money has made the division of labor possible. It has made special ization possible. It has made the accumulation of wealth over periods which exceed a human lifetime possible. Perhaps most important of all, it has hugely advanced the potential for amicable interaction between people. To survive as such, and to prosper, a rational animal must exchange. He or she has language, to exchange ideas, and money, to exchange the fruits of ideas. From that foundation, everything else we see around us has been built. That covers the concept or idea of money. But an idea, as such, does not exist as a physical entity. Money must be a physical entity. Neither the electronic money of today nor the notes and coin which circulate as cash has any official or legal connection with Gold and Silver. But they once did, and most people think that they still do. As long as that situation persists, the modern monetary system will function. Now, how does one go about choosing what is to be used as money? Simple, one looks for the most tradable good, the good which is in highest demand, the good that has begun to be accepted, not as an end in it, but as a means to an end. Money is the good that people do not want to consume, but want to use to make further exchanges easier. Human beings have lived together for more than two million years. Money in its modern form coin of fixed weight and denomination came into use less than three thousand years ago. It took a long time to discover the physical good which best serves the purpose of a medium of exchange. (https://www.the-privateer.com/gold-b.html) Functions Money as a Unit of Value The first function of money is to be a unit of value or a unit of account. The monetary unit is the unit in terms of which the value of all goods and services is measured and expressed. The value of each good or service is expressed as a price, which is the number of monetary units for which the good or service can be exchanged. If the price of a pen is Rs. 10 then a pen can be had in exchange for ten monetary units (where the monetary unit in this case is the rupee). Measuring values in monetary units helps in measuring the exchange values of commodities. If a pen is worth Rs. 10 and a notebook is worth Rs.20 then a notebook is worth two pens. Further, accounting is simplified, as all items will be recorded in terms of monetary units that can be added and subtracted. Money is a useful measuring rod of value only if the value of money itself remains constant. This is similar to saying that a scale is a useful measure of length only if the length of the scale itself is constant. The value of money is linked to its purchasing power. Purchasing power is the inverse of the average or general level of prices as measured by the consumer price index etc. As the general price level increases, a unit of money can purchase a lesser amount of goods and services so the value or purchasing power of money declines. So, money will be a useful unit of value only as long as its own value or purchasing power remains constant. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) Money as a Medium of Exchange Money also acts as a medium of exchange or as a medium of payments. This function of money is served by anything that is generally accepted by people in exchange for goods and services. Anything has been quite a variety of things across places and times. Some of the things that have served as money are clay, cowry shells, tortoise shells, cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, tea, tobacco, wool, salt, wine, boats, iron, copper, brass, silver, gold, bronze, nickel, paper, leather, playing cards, debts of individuals, debts of banks, debts of governments, etc. Money will then reduce the time and energy spent in barter. The person who owned a cow can now simply sell it to the person who offers the most money for it and then buy the bullock cart from another person who offers him the best bargain. Ultimately, all trade may be considered barter one good or service is traded for another good or service -either directly, or indirectly with money acting as the intermediary. However, by acting as an intermediary, money increases the ease of trade. Money is also called a bearer of options or generalized purchasing power. This indicates the freedom of choice that the use of money offers. The owner of the cow need not procure goods and services from those to whom he sold his cow. He can use the money to buy the things he wants most, from those who offer him the best bargain (not necessarily those who bought his cow), at the time he considers most advantageous (not necessarily immediately). Again, this function can only be performed properly if the value of money remains constant. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) Money as a Standard of Deferred Payments If money performs the previous two functions then it may also perform the function of being the unit in terms of which deferred or future payments are stated. Examples of situations where future payments are to be made are pensions, principal and interest on debt, salaries etc. As long as money maintains a constant value through time, it will overcome the problems associated with making future payments with specific commodities. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) Money as a Store of Value If money becomes a unit of value and a means of payment then it may also perform the function of serving as a store of value. The holders of money are holders of generalized purchasing power that can be spent through time. They know that it will be accepted at any time for any good or service and is thus a store of value. This function will be performed well as long as money retains a constant purchasing power. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) It may be noted that any asset other than money may also perform the function of store of value, for example, bonds, land, houses, etc. These assets have the advantage that, unlike money, they yield income and may appreciate in value over time. However, they are subject to the following: (1) They may involve storage costs, (2) They may not be liquid in the sense that they could not be quickly converted into money without loss of value, and (3) They may depreciate in value. A person may choose to store value in any for m depending on considerations of income, safety and liquidity. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) Kinds Commodity Money Commodity money refers to money whose value comes from a commodity out of which it is made. Examples of commodities that have been used as money include gold, silver, copper, salt, large stones, decorated belts, shells, and cigarettes. Commodity money is to be distinguished from representative money which is a certificate or token which can be exchanged for the underlying commodity. A key feature of commodity money is that the value is directly perceived by the users of this money, who recognize the utility or beauty of the tokens as they would recognize the goods themselves. That is, the effect of holding a token for a barrel of oil must be the same economically as actually having the barrel at hand. This thinking guides the modern commodity markets, although they use a sophisticated range of financial instruments that are more than one-to-one representations of units of a given type of commodity. In situations where the commodity is metal, typically gold or silver, a govern ment mint will often coin money by placing a mark on the metal that serves as a guarantee of the weight and purity of the metal. In doing so, the government will often impose a fee which is known as seigniorage. The role of a mint and of coin is different between commodity money and fiat money. In situations where there is commodity money, the coin retains its value if it is melted and physically altered, while in fiat money it does not. Commodity money often comes into being in situations where other forms of money are not available or not trusted. Various commodities were used in pre-Revolutionary America including wampum, maize, iron nails, beaver pelts, and tobacco. In post-war Germany, cigarettes became used as a form of commodity money in some areas. Cigarettes are still used as a form of commodity money in prison cell. Although commodity money is more convenient than barter, it can also be inconvenient to use as a medium of exchange or a standard of deferred payment due to the transport and storage concerns. Accordingly, notes began to circulate that a government or other trusted entity (e.g. the Knights Templar in Europe in the 13th century) would guarantee as representing a certain stored value on account. This creates a form of money known as representative money the beginning of a long slow shift to credit money. Historically gold was by far the most widely recognized commodity out of which to make money: gold was compact, easy to work into more beautiful jewelry, had decorative and functional utility as a finely strung wire or thin foil leaf, and most importantly, could always be traded for other metals to make weapons with. A state could be described as a political enterprise with sufficient land, gold and reputation for protecting both, e.g. the Fort Knox gold repository long maintained by the United States, could reliably issue certificates to substitute for the gold and be trusted to actually have it. Between 1933 and 1970, one U.S. d ollar was technically worth exactly 1/35 of a troy ounce (889 mg) of gold. However, actual trade in gold as a precious metal within the United States was banned presumably to prevent anyone from actually going up to Fort Knox and asking for their gold. This was a fairly typical transition from commodity to representative to fiat money, with people trading in other goods being forced to trade in gold, then to receive paper money that purported to be as good as gold, and then ultimately see this currency float on commodity markets. However, commodity money remained active in the background in some form or another, and seems to have been revived thanks to global capitalism, wherein a currency is widely traded as a commodity. One way to view such trade is that currency of resource-rich nations tends to be tied to the price of those particular commodity items until it becomes a developed nation. Thus, one could see the nominally fiat money of say Cuba as being tied to the commodity s ugar globally, rather than to the military power of Cuba that holds within its own borders. Also, commodity supplies and protections of supplies by states military fiat remain critical to trade, and there are active commodity market speculations on the stability of certain states, e.g. speculation on the survival of the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq has from time to time driven the price of oil. Some argue that this is not so much a commodity market but more of an assassination market speculating on the survival (or not) of Saddam himself. Finally, commodity money is undergoing a more direct revival thanks to theorists of green economics, natural capitalism and global resource banking, some of whom suggest a form of money based on ecological yield. They argue that the outputs of natural capital are the only genuine commodities air, water, and calories of renewable energy we consume being mostly interchangeable when they are free of pollution or disease. However, such goods cannot be held directly, and so it is common to suggest that representative money be issued based on enhancing and extending natures services, giving one the right to receive the yield as a benefit. They argue that reframing political economy to consider the flow of these basic commodities first and foremost, avoiding use of military fiat except to protect natural capital itself, and basing credit-worthiness more strictly on commitment to preserving biodiversity rather than repayment of debt, as in the current global credit money regime anchored by the Bank for International Settlements, would provide measurable benefits to human well-being worldwide. Some seek to replace the B.I.S. with a Global Resource Bank to manage global resources outside national jurisdiction for global benefit. Others would replace the gold standard with a biodiversity standard. It remains to be seen if such schemes have any merit other than as political ways to draw attention to the way capitalism itsel f interacts with life. Critics of this type of proposal often note that, as with other transitions from commodity to representative money, inadequate substitutes will be made on a just trust me basis as per Greshams Law which states that bad money drives out good. Other proposals, such as time-based money, rely on the availability of human labor as a commodity, especially within a community, which is presumably harder to guarantee access to, but also harder to steal. Still others deny the utility of co modifying labor as such, and suggest making free time the standard, since physical capital used for leisure, sport, art, theatre, and other forms of play is co modifiable and possible to control. (https://www.wordiq.com/definition/Commodity_money) Credit Money Credit money refers to money that constitutes future claims of a valuable item against an entity. The holder of credit money can use it to purchase goods and services; when the holder wants to, he or she can redeem it to get the item by which it is backed. Credit money is made of a material that has low intrinsic value compared to the value it represents when exchanged. Some types of credit money include IOUs, bonds and money market accounts. Some people also consider paper money and coins to be credit money because they have no intrinsic value and can be exchanged for valuable commodity. To illustrate how this concept came about, consider English goldsmiths, who centuries ago used to keep deposits of precious metals. They issued paper notes to those who deposited gold or silver for future redemption. These goldsmiths realized that they did not need to completely back their notes with precious metals because only a small fraction of holders come back to convert their notes. The goldsmiths then issued non-backed notes as loans to people who needed funds and received profits from interest payments. These notes constituted the early form of credit money. When a government issues banknotes, it decides on a valuable commodity on which to fix them, gold or silver, for example. It then fixes a stable value on the banknotes and sets them as a medium of exchange. The government can choose to maintain enough valuable commodities to let everyone with banknotes redeem it. The government can also choose to keep just enough valuable commodities to satisfy the small fraction of people who actually want to make the redemption. In this sense, banknotes are credit money because people can use them to redeem gold or silver. In modern monetary systems, however, the central bank often issues money that is not backed by valuable commodity. The size of the money supply in these systems does not depend on the availability of valuable commodity or the obligation of the centr al bank to repay credit money with valuable commodity. This kind of money is known as fiat money and is the most ubiquitous form of money in most modern monetary systems. Credit money can also refer to any claim on valuable commodity that is used as a medium of exchange instead of banknotes. Checks, IOUs and bonds that can be redeemed for banknotes are examples of this. Sometimes credit money has a maturity date, as in the case of checks where the bank pays the check recipient a certain amount of banknotes at maturity. Fiat Money Fiat money is the opposite of honest money. Fiat money is money that is declared to have value even if it does not. Honest money has value regardless of what people say. Gold and silver are often referred to as honest money and since they have been dug out of the ground at considerable expense, they do have value regardless. People will pay variable sums for them. Fiat money is also known as paper money, or electronic money. Since there is nothing behind paper money but the obligation of a state to redeem it in more paper or electronic money, fiat moneys ultimate worth is questionable at best. In fact, there is a history of states walking away from the face value of the fiat money that has been printed (created). But if one has it in ones possession, it is impossible to walk away from the value of gold and silver and contrary to fiat money, they have an inherent quality. Mainly an outgrowth of central banking, in the modern age, fiat money probably would not be attractive wi thout state support. Thats because fiat money, unlike fractional reserve money, has no inherent value. Fractional reserve banking, in fact, is a private market phenomenon in which private banks provide paper notes the face value of which adds up to more than the reserves held by the bank. There is a history of successful fractional reserve banking efforts within the private marketplace; however fiat money ALWAYS collapses, as it is impossible to issue a substance of value year after year and generation after generation that HAS no value. In the United States, the worlds largest and most dominant economy, the greenback became a fiat currency when President Richard Nixon broke the final link between gold and the dollar in 1971. He did this because the French were apparently threatening to redeem their dollars in gold and either the US central bank and/or Treasury did not have enough gold to In any event, Nixon severed the dollars relationship to gold and ever since then the world has embarked on a bold experiment in which the global, anchor currency has no specific relationship to an underlying asset. Predictably, this has meant that the United States has continually created more and more fiat dollars, thus inflating the overall stock of dollars and making them worth less and less. China, one of the worlds most ancient civilizations, is said to have had no less than eight separate interregnums of fiat currency each collapsing and then being replaced by another. In the 1800s, fiat money was even banned by the Chinese. Today, however, the Chinese government is once again a user of fiat money along with the rest of the world. Fiat money has never been as prevalent perhaps as in the modern age. But that doesnt make it any healthier or less prone to failure. Those who ignore history are doomed to repeat it. (https://www.thedailybell.com/803/Fiat-Money.html) Legal Tender Money Legal tender is any form of payment that must be accepted for a debt, according to the laws of the area. Generally, the term refers to government-issued cash money such as bills and coins, as opposed to credit lines, checks, or cards. The laws surrounding legal tender have proved vital in the formation of the fiscal policy of many nations. (https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-legal-tender.htm) The term legal tender means currency that is legally permitted to be used to obtain goods or services in a particular country. Immediately recognized as legal tender for purchases and to settle outstanding debts, currency remains the single most common of all liquid assets that are used on a consistent basis by retail customers. (https://www.wisegeek.com/topics/legal-tender.htm) II. Development of Philippine Money Pre-Hispanic Era Archaeological evidence indicates that small seafaring communities existed throughout the Philippine Archipelago for at least 2000 years, prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. The chief means of trading was barter. Records show that Chinese merchants came to the Philippines to trade porcelain, silk and metalwork in exchange for gold, pearls, beeswax and medicinal plants, which the Philippines is naturally rich in. Excavations also unearthed gold ingots, known as piloncitos, the first recognized form of coinage in the country. Barter rings in different sizes, gold ornaments and beads were the other objects used as medium of exchange during the period. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story2.asp) Spanish Era The Galleon Trade, which started during the colonization of the Philippines in 1565 and lasted for 250 years, was responsible for transforming Manila into a trade center for oriental goods. These were brought across the Pacific, in exchange for odd-shaped silver coins called cobs or macuquinas. Other coins that followed were the dos mundos or pillar dollars in silver, the counterstamped coins and the portrait series, also in silver. In the 18th century, the Royalty of Spain authorized the production of copper coins by the Ayuntamiento or Municipality of Manila in response to the acute shortage of fractional coins. These were called barrillas which first appeared in 1728.In 1852, the first banknotes called pesos fuertes were issued, and in 1861,the Casa de Moneda de Manila minted the first gold coins with the word Filipinas inscribed, which were called Isabelinas and Alfonsinos. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story3.asp) Revolutionary Period On August 23, 1896, the Cry of Balintawak, headed by Andres Bonifacio signaled the start of the Philippine Revolution. After General Emilio Aguinaldos proclamation as President of the First Philippine Republic, Two types of 2-centavo copper coins were struck in the army arsenal of Malolos. Because their mintage was so few, they are considered extremely rare collection. Paper notes were also issued, but the circulation was limited because the government was short-lived. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story4.asp) American Regime When the Americans took over the Philippines in 1901, the US Congress passed the Philippine Coinage Act, which authorized the mintage of silver coins from 1903 to 1912. Subsequently, Silver Certificates were issued until 1918. These were replaced with Treasury Certificates from 1918 to 1935. The American Government deemed it more economical and convenient to mint silver coins in the Philippines, hence, the re-opening of the Manila Mint in 1920, which produced coins until the Commonwealth Period. This also became the first seat of the Central Bank in 1949. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story5.asp) World War II During the Japanese Occupation from 1941 to 1944, two kinds of notes circulated the Japanese Invasion Money issued by the Japanese Government, and the Guerrilla Notes or Resistance Currencies issued by Filipino guerrillas. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story6.asp) Republic Period Republic Act No.265 created the Central Bank of the Philippines (CBP) on January 3, 1949, which was vested the power of administering the banking credit system of the country. Initially, the CBP issued the Victory Notes with the overprint Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949. The first official banknotes issued by the Central Bank were the English series in 1951, followed by the Pilipino series in 1967, the Ang Bagong Lipunan series in 1973 and the New Design series in 1985. Central Bank coins of the English series were also issued in 1959, followed by the Pilipino series in 1967, and the Ang Bagong Lipunan series in 1975. The Flora and Fauna series were introduced in 1983, and subsequently, the improved version in 1992, until the demonetization of all the series in 1998. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story7.asp)

William Jefferson s President V. Madison - 930 Words

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Cmu Essay Example For Students

Cmu Essay A University should be a place of delight, of liberty, and of learning, remarked Benjamin Disraeli, an English author, as if he had Carnegie Mellon in mind as he placed his thoughts in writing. How could the Institute of Technology help me achieve intellectual independence and assist me in pursuing a life of ideas? Being one of the finest establishments in the world, Carnegie Institute of Technology would allow me to fulfill my perfectionist ideals; I would be able to compete with the best and the brightest. Moreover, the non-academic life within a dynamic campus with a strong sense of community would enhance the challenging courses that the university has to offer. It is not simple to find a distinctive institution with incredible resources as well as personal attention. With a small faculty-to-student ratio in all classes, I could truly have significant interaction with the professors while simultaneously retaining the knowledge Id be acquiring. The hands-on experience with up-to-d ate equipment would be like a dream come true as Id encompass myself with ubiquitous, influential technology which is taken for granted by the common person. Taking advantage of the broad spectrum of undergraduate programs, I would improve my ability to think quantitatively, solve complicated problems, and apply my knowledge to the real world. There are there kinds of students: one who has the brain for math and sciences; one who is able to think analytically about pieces of literature and historical documents; and finally, one who understands all. I fall into the first type. Therefore, I have always been interested in the field of engineering, for it embodies my favorite subjects. As my physics professor talks of electromagnetic and electric fields between all protons and elections, my mind beams with pleasure, for the new information is of such fascination to it. As my calculus teacher frantically writes the equations of integrals on the board, I jot down the notes with a clear un derstanding of what the signs stand for and the logic behind them. Then at home, I happily turn on my computer and ponder the genius of artificial intelligence. There is no way I am going to leave these beloved fields of study behindtherefore, Electrical and Computer Engineering would be perfect for me. Engineering is a major that is expected to continue experiencing growth, especially strong in areas emphasizing technology. Our society is becoming more technologically driven day by day, and is always on the look-out for expansion and exploration into the scientific front and increasing efficiency. By choosing engineering as a profession, I am able to contribute to the well-being of the society as well as rigorously challenging my intellectual abilities. Although both frustration and jubilation will ensue as I endeavor to find creative solutions to difficult problems, my proficiency in achieving the task would leave me satisfied in life. Carnegie Mellon would help me develop a sense of how to handle myself academically, socially, and personally. My major in Electrical and Computer Engineering would allow me to dive into an ocean full of opportunities and adventures. Alive with fresh ideas waiting to be discovered, Carnegie Mellon will prepare me for life itself, helping in shaking my sense of the world by allowing me to gain the knowledge necessary to achieve my goals as I search for success and happiness. Acceptance Essays

The Allied Conferences during World War II free essay sample

Several other meetings between Churchill and FED followed in Washington, Sibilance and Quebec, to plan future global military strategy. (Conferences) In November of 1943,Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt were joined by Chinese leader Aching Aka-she in Cairo. They discussed plans for the Normandy Invasion and military operations in China against the Japanese. The three leaders issued a declaration that Japan shall be stripped of all the land seized or occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914, and that Manchuria, Formosa, and the Possessors, shall be restored to the Republic of China.The declaration went on to reaffirm the goal that Korea shall become free and independent. (Cairo) upon conclusion of the first Cairo Conference, Churchill and Roosevelt flew to Iran for the Tehran Conference with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Though the military discussions were at the forefront of the meeting, the Tehran Conference saw more political discussion than had occurred in any of the previous meeting between the Allies. We will write a custom essay sample on The Allied Conferences during World War II or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stalin made known his desire to retain the lands obtained in his pacts with Germany and to gain the Baltic coast of East Prussia.Churchill and Roosevelt were non-committal on this point but agreed with Stalin on the settlement of Poland. They did agree on Iran, which Allied forces were partly occupying, and published a declaration guaranteeing its postwar independence and territorial integrity. (Kananga) In February of 1945, Churchill, FORD, and Stalin met at Yalta, Crimea, in the USSR. They reiterated the policy of demanding Germanys unconditional surrender, and made preliminary plans for dividing Germany into American, British, French, and Soviet zones Of occupation.Many of the important decisions made here remained secret until the end of World War II for various litany or political reasons. The USSR secretly agreed to enter the war against Japan within three months of Germanys surrender and was promised S Sailing, the Krill Islands, and an occupation zone in Korea. There were also other secret agreements about the disposal of Japans holdings, and the status of Central Europe. (Yalta) After the outbreak of the cold war, a lot of criticism was leveled at the participants of the Yalta Conference for delivering Eastern Europe to Communist domination.However, as Robert Dealer has pointed out in Franklin Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, FED was hoping the future United Nations organization would be the place to deal with Stalin, not at Yalta. He told Doll Berne l didnt say the result was good. I said it was the best I could do. Both Roosevelt and Churchill recognized the reality of Soviet power in 1945. (Cold War) The Potsdam Conference in July and August of 1945 again featured the victorious leaders of the Allies in Europe but with several new leaders.Truman replaced the deceased FED, and Clement Attlee had replaced Churchill who had recently lost his election. The principles governing Germany were agreed on, and a mode for German reparations payments was outlined. All former German territory east of the Odder and Incise rivers was transferred to Polish and Soviet administration, and the German population in these territories and in other parts of Eastern Europe were to be transferred to Germany. Council of Foreign Ministers was established to consider peace settlements.

How to Save Money in College 12 Expert Tips

How to Save Money in College 12 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You probably already know that college costs can be pretty intimidating. If you’re on a budget when it comes to paying for your degree (and most people are), knowing how to save money in collegecan make a big difference. Here, I’ll talk a little bit about what college expenses you should be prepared forso that you have a better idea of what to expect. Then, I’ll discuss strategies for saving money before you get there, in addition to strategies for saving as a college student. Let’s get started! How Much Does College Even Cost? Before we get into strategies for how to save money in college, let’s talk a bit about what an undergraduate degreeactually costsfor students in the US. First, some key terms: Cost of Attendance (CoA) -Total amount of money it costs for an average student to attend a particular school for one year. This figure includes everything you could think of: tuition, room, board, transportation, books, personal expenses, etc. You could also call this a school’s â€Å"sticker price† - it’s what a student would pay if she didn’t get one dollar of financial aid.Keep in mind this is an average figure - if a student lives especially far from the school and pays more in transportation cost, for example, his CoA might be higher. Net Price - Total amount of money a student actually pays to attend a particular school for one year. This is what you actually pay out of pocket, after accounting for grants and scholarships.Put simply, Net Price = Cost of Attendance - (Grants Scholarships). This figure matters way more than a school’s CoA because it’s what you actually have to budget for. The lower your Net Price, the better off you’ll be. When students first start research on college expenses, they tend to look at the CoA, or the sticker price. This isn’t necessarily a bad place to start, but a more sophisticated way of looking at prospective schools is to consider your likely Net Price instead of the schools’ CoA. This information will be important when we get into cost-saving strategies. Facts and Figures Now that we’ve gotten that background info out of the way, we can talk about what the current college cost landscape looks like. All the prices in this section are sticker prices, or what costs that make up a school's CoA (so, not the average student's Net Price - don't freak out yet). The biggest expenses you’ll need to consider are tuition fees and room board. Average Tuition Fees For the 2014-2015 academic year, average tuition fee costs were†¦ $31,231 at private colleges $9,139 for state residents at public colleges $22,958 for out-of-state residents at public colleges Average Room Board For the 2014-2015 academic year, average room board costs were†¦ $,188 at private 4-year colleges $9,804 at public 4-year colleges You’ll have to account for some other minor expenses as well - these costs will depend on more variable factors. For more detailed information about expenses, check out our complete guide to college costs. These expenses can be really overwhelming for one year, never mindfor four. The good news is that there are a lot of things you can do to increase your available income and decrease your expenses, both before and during college. 4 Ways to Save Before You Get to College As with most things, saving for college is easier if yougive yourself more time to get started. The earlier you start budgeting for college expenses, the better. More time means more opportunities to tackle and plan for large expenses in your future. There are two main ways you can deal with these big costs: You can work on increasing your income/available cash You can work on decreasing your expenses Both strategies effectively do the same thing. In order to be most effective, you should concentrate on both increasing income and decreasing expenses.Here are the best ways to do that before you matriculate: Increase Your Income #1: Apply for Scholarships There are so many private scholarship programs available, from small local awards to huge national and even international competitions. Scholarships can be based on any number of criteria: financial need, academic merit, sports performance, volunteer work, ethnic background, professional interests, and more. Half the work is finding scholarships that would be a good fit for you. It’s great to apply for those well-known national scholarships (like the McDonald’s, Gates Millennium, and Coca-Cola awards), but they tend to be very competitive, so it’s smart to have backups in place. Look for local or state scholarships (like the Florida Bright Futures scholarship), or for scholarships that match your unique interests and background. Start by checking out our guides to scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. Do your own research by googling any important descriptors - like your location, interests, or sport of choice - + â€Å"scholarship.† #2: Get a High School Job This might be the most obvious way to increase your income before you leave for college. The tough part is figuring out whether a job is right for you - you don’t want to sacrifice your grades or extracurriculars, especially because high school jobs aren’t likely to pay very much. Learn more about figuring out whether getting a job learn more about whether a job might be a good fit for you (link out - should you get a job) If you work full-time during the summers, you can get both professional experience AND a more substantial paycheck to save up for college e.g. If you work full time at $9/hr for eight weeks, that comes to $2880 (before tax). That could cover your personal and textbook expenses for a whole year if you budget carefully Decrease Your Expenses #3: Apply to the Right Schools Different schools will be able to offer you different sized financial aid packages. If you’re strategic about where you apply to school, you’ll do yourself a favor by reducing your costs right off the bat. If you’re applying to public schools, you should focus on those located in your home state. Public school tuitions are often much higher for out-of-state residents. (There may be exceptions to this rule if you think you'd qualify for high amounts of merit aid). Know what schools offer the best aid, whether it’s need-based or merit-based. Even though a school’s sticker price might be high - private schools often have higher CoAs - you might end up with a better Net Price if the school has generous financial aid policies. The most important thing to remember is that CoA isn't very helpful when it comes to choosing cost-effective schools. What you should care about is your estimated Net Price at a particular school. Spend some time doing Net Price calculations (it’s easy - get more info in our article on college costs) to figure out which schools may offer you the best out-of-pocket price. #4: Focus on Your Grades and Test Scores One of the best ways to get a good Net Price is to get into a school that offers generous financial aid, as I mentioned above. So what types of schools give students the best Net Prices? Well, schools that offer generous financial aid are often well-ranked private schools (they tend to offer a lot of need-based aid), or private schools that are trying to attract more competitive students (they tend to offer a lot of merit-based aid). In-state public schools also tend to be affordable for state residents. If your grades and ACT/SAT scores wererelatively high for a particular school, chances are good that you would: Get accepted to the school Be offered need-based financial aid (if any was available) Qualify for merit-based aid (if any was available) You may also qualify for merit scholarships if you were recruitedfor a particular sport. You can see how you stack up to other applicants and calculate your chances for admission for almost any school. All you have to do is Google "PrepScholar [school name] admissions" for more information. 7 Ways to Save Money inCollege I do not recommend saving money by using a belt instead of a backpack. Once you get to college, you’ll have a lot on your plate - classes, friends, extracurricular activities, and more. Managing your finances and saving money should become a part of your daily routine if you want to be successful in the long run. These next strategies will help you manage your income and spending on a daily basis once you’re a student. While you’re reading, think of other ways you can increase your income and decrease your expenses. Increase Your Income #1: Keep Applying for Scholarships As you hone your academic and professional interests, you may be able to find scholarships or grants that are a good fit for yourgoals. You don’t have to be a high school student in order to qualify for many scholarships (the Tylenol scholarship is a good example of this). Check with your academic department and/or career center for more information about possible scholarship awards. Also, Google is your friend!Use both general and specific search terms to catch as many award options as possible (e.g. "healthcare scholarships" versus "dental school scholarships for women"). #2: Get a Job On Campus Campus jobs are great options for college students, especially for those who have work study awards. They’re often conveniently located, pay better than jobs available to high school students, offer better personal and professional connections, and align better with future career goals. If you work 15 hours/week at $10/hr for two 20-week semesters, you’d make $6,000 per year. You could obviously make way more than that if you work during summers or long breaks. For more information, check out or guide to on-campus jobs (coming soon). Decrease Your Expenses #3: Make (and Stick to) a Budget This approach might take some trial and error, but it's totally worth it in the end. Start by thinking - realistically - about how much money you spend each month in different categories (e.g. food, transportation, clothing, personal grooming, entertainment, etc.).Add all of these expenses to come up with a total amount. If this total amount is more than your expected monthly income, start cutting non-necessities from your budget. Read more about crafting a budget on a strict income. Ultimately, budgets only work if you adhere to them. You can manually tally the amount of money you spend each month, but that can get pretty tedious. Free money management tools like Mint can help streamline the process and help you be more successful in saving money. #4: Be Smart About Your Textbook Purchases The average student spends about $1,200 a year on textbooks- yikes. The good news isthere are a lot of things you can do to try to keep your textbook costs well below this average: Shop around - don’t just buy what’s available at your campus bookstore. Check prices on Amazon to see if it’s cheaper to order online. Buy your textbooks used, either from campus bookstores, online, or from a friend or classmate. Take advantage of textbook rentals if they’re offered at your school. Sell books back to the bookstore (or online via Amazon) if you won't be using them again. Alternatively, you can sell to classmates who need to take the class after you're done. Don’t buy books at all! See if they’re offered at the library, and if so, if it’ll be hard to get your hands on them(this can be the case if all your classmates have the same idea). If there’s too much competition for books at the library, it’s better to just buy or rent. #5: Look at Your Rooming Options Living on-campus can sometimes be more expensive than living off-campus, especially in areas where the average cost of living is pretty low. If it’s an option, consider looking at alternative housing options where you can split rent with a bunch of other students. Don’t forget to take other possible expense increases - like paying more for food and transportation- into account when calculating off-campus saving options. #6: Take Advantage of the Summer There are a lot of ways to use the summer months to your financial advantage. If you’re living off campus and are committed to paying rent through the summer (i.e. if you’ve signed a lease), you’ll want to make sure you take advantage of that housing: If you'll be staying somewhere else for the summer, try to find someone to sublet. Students taking summer courses often need short-term housing options. Alternatively, stay in your housing for the summer to take summer classes yourself. By earning extra credits, you can possibly graduate earlier. If you live on campus and have to figure out housing plans for the summer, look into programs that might give you subsidized or free room and board. Summer RA jobs might be a good place to start. #7: Seek Out Student Discounts On and around college campuses, restaurants and retail stores often offer small student discounts to college kids who have their IDs handy. A 10% discount is pretty standard - helpful, but not necessarily huge. You can also check out this list of national retailers and restaurants that offer special deals to college students. This tiponly works if you’re sticking to a budget, as outlined above. Discounts can sometimes entice people to spend money they wouldn't usually spend, so only seek out deals you would purchase anyways. Student discounts are great .. as long as you don't turn into this lady and buy everything you see on sale. Final Points Thinking about saving money over the course of four years is overwhelming, to say the least. Although it'll help to have the above strategies for how to save money in college - especially as you make big financial decisions - it's OKto take things one day at a time. To be honest, the big financial decisions are going to be the ones that affect your finances the most. If you make prudent decisions when it comes tochoosing your school, housing option, and food plans, it'll be much easier to budget for those day-to-day expenses. Finally, just because you're a college student on a limited budget doesn't mean you can't spend money on anything fun. As long as you don't go overboard (and you stick to a budget, asI mentioned earlier), it's OKto indulge in small treatslike a movie, a new sweater, or a night out with friends. Don't forget to budget for college experiences like these! What's Next? Making smart financial decisions before and during college is important when it comes to your financial future. If you want to be even more prepared to tackle your education expenses, check out our complete guide to paying for college - it'll cover some bigger points about how to budget for the next four years. If you anticipate that covering all your expenses will be an issue, you should read our post on how to get student loans. But don't take out any more loans than you have to - see if you can get scholarship awards to help with those costs! Start with our lists of the top scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Hyperbole and Hype

Hyperbole and Hype Hyperbole and Hype Hyperbole and Hype By Maeve Maddox I once thought that the slang word hype was a back-formation of the rhetorical term hyperbole because advertisements that â€Å"hype† something are often filled with exaggeration. For example, an untried stage production is advertised as â€Å"Broadway’s Biggest Blockbuster.† A shampoo claims it adds â€Å"an infinite shine† to hair. A pick-up truck is shown pulling a jet plane. A person drinking a particular soft drink sprouts wings and flies. All of these selling ploys are examples of hyperbole as well as of hype, but the two words are not related. Hyperbole comes from a Greek word meaning â€Å"excess† or â€Å"exaggeration.† The verb hype, in the sense of aggressively marketing a product with exaggerated enthusiasm, appears to derive from a U.S. slang term of unknown origin meaning â€Å"To short-change, to cheat; to deceive, to con, esp. by false publicity.† The descriptive word hyped, meaning â€Å"worked up, stimulated,† as in â€Å"You’re really hyped today,† comes from a different source. This kind of â€Å"hype† derives from the excited state exhibited by a drug addict under the influence of something injected from a hypodermic needle. Hyperbole is a rhetorical term that uses an exaggerated or extravagant statement. Many clichà ©s are examples of hyperbole: I’m hungry enough to eat a horse. It’s raining cats and dogs. This suitcase weighs a ton. Sam’s all bent out of shape because of Jack’s promotion. As a literary device, hyperbole can be used for humorous effect. Mark Twain is noted for it: if you are anywheres where it wont do for you to scratch, why you will itch all over in upwards of a thousand places. Huckleberry Finn I was helpless. I did not know what in the world to do. I was quaking from head to foot, and could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far. Old Times on the Mississippi The genre known as the â€Å"tall tale† makes use of extended hyperbole. For example, the plot elements in the Paul Bunyan stories present one exaggeration after the other: Paul Bunyan was so big as a baby, it took five giant storks to deliver him to his parents’ house. His first bed was a lumber wagon. He screamed so loudly for his meals that nearby frogs took to wearing earmuffs. When Paul grew up, he became a lumberjack and acquired a huge ax. What we know as the Grand Canyon came into existence when Paul took a stroll, dragging his ax behind him. Used in literature, hyperbole can be a source of humor or heightened emotion. Used in advertising and news reporting, it can be a source of misinformation and fear-mongering. Many of the terms used in the media to report on political activities seem to be chosen for their scare value. The term â€Å"nuclear option† is an example. We open our newspapers (or websites) to headlines like this one: Senate Votes For Nuclear Option No, the Senate has not approved dropping an H-bomb. The scary term refers to a plan to reduce the number of votes required to break a filibuster. Where did such a hyperbolic term for parliamentary procedure come from? In 2003, then Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott proposed the adoption of such a plan, calling it â€Å"nuclear.† He was tired of having the opposition block his party’s candidates for district and circuit judge appointments. I suppose he chose the term â€Å"nuclear† because he saw the plan as a way to blast through a political logjam. Politics is not the only area of reporting that makes use of hyperbole to lure readers and viewers. Weather announcers choose words and phrases associated with disaster to exaggerate the importance of unexceptional seasonal weather events. Ordinary hot summer temperatures become â€Å"a possible life-threatening heat wave.† The first hint of snow becomes â€Å"the first major snow of the season.† Hype in advertising is crass and obvious. Consumers can be swept along by it, but they probably recognize it for what it is. Hyperbole is an amusing and useful literary device that spices conversation and enriches literature, but in advertising and news reporting, its often used to evoke fear and dread. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)"Have" vs "Having" in Certain ExpressionsDouble Possessive

Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Philosophy of Education - Essay Example First, education in light of pedagogy should create non-class reproduction systems. The formal education in our schools is too concentrated on the mechanical out put the students. This is the area of controlling scholars through consent. The school of educational philosophy terms this as bourgeois hegemony. This principal dominates any social setting through its premeditated standards like schools, trade unions, churches and the family. As a learner, going through such a system will not lead to any transformation. These social standards tend to narrow scholars into a system of values, behaviors, believes, attitudes and morality (Monchinski, 2010:92). As a result learners reproduce the same social order and the class welfare that rule it. These are organized principles and established world standards that agents of ideology diffuse in every area of life. In a school setting, real transformation should be the emphasized. The instructor should aim at renovating the initial mindset of hi s learners. He should pass them through a process of learning and relearning to prepare them thoroughly for participation in a democratic society. The major goal of a teacher education is to prepare and mentor individuals into informed citizens in a democratic society. The classroom environment should not embark on re-establishing the existing social norms but its focus should be to prepare the learners for the role of transforming their societies. The education standards should lean towards a social change, which advocates for dynamic citizenship for both the learners and the educator. There should be a rapport between the teaching standards and the philosophical goal of critical... This paper approves that educational philosophy also aims at creating a revolutionalised society. Addressing social questions and the need for creating a better society through education is the Reconstructionism theory in educational viewpoint. This essay makes a conclusion that the curriculum aims at achieving a social change through the learners who graduate and initiate the required social reforms. Just like the path taken by critical pedagogy, the reconstructionism theory believes the school process of acquiring education leads to self awareness among the people. This in turn changes people’s perception and thus they work towards creating a new social order that can suit them. Feasible aspects in our society today like poverty, crime, and classism are some of the social imbalances that led to launching of this philosophical theory. Today, education is still the vehicle through which human nature applies to alter the social status we live in. In this line of thought, the learner must acquire knowledge to invent and re-invent their world. Educational course should not be a process of banking knowledge to learner’s mind but it should be a tool for dialogue and social consciousness. Reconstructionists believe that the curriculum ought to concentrate on student experience. It also helps to address the social problems the world faces today. This philosophy of education theory is the mechanism through which hunger, inequality, international terrorism, and other social vices can be addressed.

Project Feasibility Study 2014 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Feasibility Study 2014 - Essay Example With regard to the current scenario, the company incorporates four major brands that include Kingsmill, Allinson, Burgen and Sunblest, altogether playing a pivotal role for Allied Bakeries to build its long-term sustainability in the global food processing and retailing industry (1Allied Bakeries, 2014). In relation to the recent observation, the company has been facing a significant level of difficulties regarding the operational functions and performance of its leading brand, Kingsmill. Kingsmill of Allied Bakeries has long been identified as one of its leading brands, principally because it is capable of providing a wide range of food items ranging from the Little BIG Loaf to 50/50. Its primitive aim has therefore been focused on sufficing the nutritional needs of the consumers in the national baking industry (2Allied Bakeries, 2014). In its recent performance, the company has introduced the Great White loaf with the brand name of Kingsmill and has collected the attention of the global consumers within a short-run (Ritson, 2014). However, the market research conducted by Allied Bakeries has demonstrated a different scenario regarding the newly launched White loaf in the UK markets. Although marketers may gain success by altering the preferences or demands of the customers, in various cases, the changes may convey severe risks for the organisations to maintain its long-term sustainability. In relation to the business strategy of Allied Bakeries regarding its innovative Great White, the intention of changing consumption habit or attitude of the customers may lead the company to cause a negative impact on its brand positioning. Therefore, major changes regarding the innovative concept of Great White has emerged as an essential practice for the company to preserve the brand position of Kingsmill and the reputation of Allied Bakeries as well (Askew, 2014). Change in the business strategies is a common and widely accepted

The Art of Persuasion Essay Example for Free

The Art of Persuasion Essay In his video, â€Å"The Science of Persuasion† Wiesel uses persuasive techniques by persuading one to use his techniques in their papers. Wiesel explains and goes into detail about how and when to use the six steps of persuasion which are reciprocity, scarcity, authority, consistency, liking, and consensus. Wiesel says in his video that authority is one of the steps of persuasion and by doing so uses his techniques on the viewer because he comes off as an authority figure because he is the teacher in this video thus making him an authority figure. Since Wiesel is coming off as an authority figure, one would be more likely to be persuaded and do what he is saying, which in this case is to use his persuasive techniques. Wiesel uses his persuasive techniques of reciprocity, scarcity, authority, consistency, liking, and consensus to persuade others to use his persuasive writing techniques in their papers.

One of Russias Greatest Leaders: Peter the Great Essay -- Papers

One of Russia's Greatest Leaders: Peter the Great The world is chaotic by nature. For this reason, both men and women alike have stepped forward to lead their people. As such, these people have been gifted with valor and courage to take their countries into ever lasting prosperity. An example of this kind of leader would be the grand emperor of Russia, Peter the Great (1672-1725). Peter the Great is a man who put his country before himself. As a matter of fact, Peter died saving one of his servants who fell overboard on one of his many expeditions. One will have to wonder what kind of man had this much energy to revolutionize their countries. In accordance, one will have to study the personal history of this great man. Consequently, one should learn his methods in achieving his goals. Such knowledge could help future leaders make more informed decisions. Lastly, the study of his accomplishments will give us the scope of how great the influence of this man had in his nation. To this extent, people like this must be studied to honor and help further our nation as a whole. Therefore, Peter the Great must be examined thoroughly with the following criteria: The personal history of Peter, the methods he employed to help achieve mother Russia's prerogative, and finally what he has accomplished for Russia in his life span. Peter was born in Moscow of the second marriage of his father, Alexis I, who ruled Russia from 1645 to 1676. Alexis's first marriage to Maria Miloslavsky, had produced 13 children, but only two of the sons, Fyodor and Ivan survived. After Maria died in 1669 Alexis married Natalia Naryshkin in 1671, and Peter, a stro... ...i. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 196-97 5. Massie, Robert K. Peter the Great: His Life and World. Ballantine, 1980 pp 50 6. Jonge, Alex. Fire & Water: A Life of Peter the Great. First American, 1980 pp 317 7. Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 163 8. Massie, Robert K. Peter the Great: His Life and World. Ballantine, 1980 pp 89 9. Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 186 10. Torchinsky, Oleg. Cultures of the World: RussiaNorth Bellmore: Marshall Cavendish Corp. 1994. pp 204 11. Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 294 12. Torchinsky, Oleg. Cultures of the World: RussiaNorth Bellmore: Marshall Cavendish Corp. 1994 pp 310 13. Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 245-246

Public Policy on Business Competition Essay

Summary American businesses have been at a disadvantage from their foreign competitors due to the flawed economic system and the capitalist economy of the country. The foreign companies have been continuously improving their efficiency and effectiveness in relation to their American counterparts which means that they have now become more competitive and can even surpass that of the American products. The very strict government regulations and tariffs designed to protect the American economy is now the cause of the lesser jobs available for American workers. Outsourcing had definitely reduced the number of jobs and somehow the capitalist society that America has has relied on outsourcing as a way of cutting costs. Capitalism has its own evils as compared to socialism. Socialism is the opposite of capitalism, in socialism the government has to see to it that wealth is allocated to all members of society. Although, socialism has provided for all of its members it also brought the economy of the country to its downfall. The principle of comparative advantage is the key to ensuring that nations coexist and become interdependent on one another. Comparative advantage means that each country produces a specialized product which is becomes the economic strength of the country. It may have it’s own disadvantages but each country will have their own comparative advantage and disadvantage.   Public Policy on Business Competition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For more than four decades now, American businesses have been losing ground to foreign competitors. While 24.8 percent of all vehicles sold all over the world were made in the United States in 1986, by 1992 the U.S. share had declined to 20.7 percent. Now, this number goes further down to a little over 16 percent (OICA). A number of factors have contributed to the loss of the United States’ manufacturing competitiveness. First, foreign competitors have invested in more efficient equipment and processes and have instituted other programs that have raised worker productivity relative to the United States. Second, governments of some foreign manufacturing industries have provided planning, financial subsidies, favorable tax rates, and other industrial policies designed to nurture and support their industrial base. But perhaps the greatest reason why the United States is slipping in terms of global competitiveness is because of public policies based on coddling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arbitrary trade barriers, unrealistic quotas, and overly-restrictive tariffs are the norm when it comes to the government’s current stand on business competition. American workers and businesses are in a constant state of consciousness wherein a sense of entitlement pervades. They constantly lobby because they feel that the government is supposed to protect them from the deluge of competition from overseas. The thing is, Americans will continue to lose their jobs to the Indians and the Chinese. Companies aim to cut costs wherever and whenever they can. Given a choice, they will outsource to whomever can give them the best value. Instead of whining and lobbying, Americans should look for ways to adjust. They should do away with wanting to do menial tasks and start looking towards jobs that require more expertise and mental acuity. Not wanting to improve and instead asking for protection from the tides of change will not advance society at all and instead degrades it. In fact, it is the basis of a concept that was proved ineffective and impracticable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socialism is based on the flawed notion that members of society should be equals and the government must see to it that everyone is being cared for. One of the major complaints levied by socialists has been that capitalism permits surplus value to flow to capitalists, making capitalism a very unequal, class-ridden society. By contrast, a socialist society would share the return to capital among the workers, thereby promoting much greater equality than a market economy. This â€Å"strength† as socialists put it, proved to be socialism’s downfall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indeed, the experience of socialist countries exemplifies how attempts to equalize incomes by expropriating property from the rich can end up hurting everyone. By prohibiting private ownership of businesses, socialist governments did reduce the inequalities that arose from large property incomes. But the reduced incentives to work, accumulate capital, and improve – just because the government will provide for every man – crippled this system and impoverished entire countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The principle of comparative advantage holds that each country will specialize in the production and export of those goods or services that it can produce at relatively low cost because it is more efficient in producing them than other countries. Conversely, each country will import those goods which it produces at relatively high cost or those that it is incapable of producing at all. This simple principle provides the unshakable basis for international trade (Samuelson & Nordhaus 663). The most efficient and productive pattern of specialization is that nations should concentrate on activities in which they are relatively or comparatively more efficient than others. And even though countries may be absolutely less or more efficient than all other countries, each and every country will have a definite comparative advantage in some areas while having a definite comparative disadvantage in others. Conclusion The international economic sphere is complex and it is primarily governed by the most powerful country. The American economy had been one of the strongest economic players in international trade. When a country becomes too dependent on other countries for their economic products and services, like the American society, it can be assumed that they are putting their economic welfare at the hands of other nations. This can have a tremendous impact on American economy as the most basic services continue to be outsourced, monetary strength is diminished. It is similar to a gardener who is watering the neighbor’s lawn. The American society is pouring their money to foreign economies without thinking of whether that foreign country will do business with American companies as end consumers. In order to turn the tide, the American government should pursue and adopt the principle of comparative advantage, instead of relying on capitalism or socialism alone. With comparative advantage each country specializes in one or two products and services, thus equalizing power and influence in the international economy. American industries should look into the dangers of outsourcing, the disadvantages of cutting costs in the expense of unemployment and the ill-effects of over dependence on foreign countries. Therefore, the government should realistically examine the present position of the country in international trade. Comparative advantage holds the key for economic stability and progress.   Reference: Hitt, Michael A., Ireland, R. Duane and Hoskisson, Robert E. South-Western College Publishing, 1999. Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles. Available: http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/worldprod_country-revised.pdf., January 19, 2008. Samuelsson, Paul A. and Nordhaus, William D.2.

A Room of One’s Own: the Context of Women’s Existence in Society Essay

Even though the texts were composed in different times and different literary forms, both composers sought to criticise the way that their context operated. In Virginia Woolf’s ‘A Room of One’s Own’ (1928) and Edward Albee’s ‘Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf’(1962), both composer’s purpose is to bring both men and women into a clearer understanding of the ways in which women have been held back in western society and the role that illusions about gender roles have played in social interactions. We learn through comparing both texts that in order to obtain truth, both genders’ perspectives must be taken into account Woolf, a constitutional suffragette, empowers women writers by first exploring the nature of women in fiction, and then by incorporating ideas of the androgynous mind and individuality as it exists in a women’s experience as a writer. †they had been written in the red light of emotion and not in the white light of truth† Woolf writes in a way which we call stream of consciousness style to write this inclusive and conciliatory lecture. Her language and style is witty, and non-confrontational and makes her points in a meandering way. She does this to charm her audience into agreeing with her through her graceful style as a writer. Albee, contrastingly, uses a confrontational and visceral stage play to make his point about the destructiveness that results from trying to conform to expected gender roles. His language, characterisation, rhythm and tension are aggressive and shocking. He makes use of elements of Absurdism in order to comment upon the illogical and often bewildering nature of trying to negotiate gender relationships within his time. The American Dream was the illusion in his play, where the characters try to hide behind the illusions and felt that this would help them feel joy in attaining this AD. Albee’s purpose was to look behind the ‘Perfections’ of the AD â€Å"All imbalances will be sifted out†¦ Everyone will tend to be rather the same† and show the way it was destru ctive as a model for relationships because it denies equality for men and women, which is what Virginia Woolf is searching for. In both texts there is a struggle for women to maintain their identity in a patriarchal society. Woolf presents the challenging idea that women could be as effective as men as writers of fiction if they were given the same means and tools to be able to compose, â€Å"A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction.† This idea challenges the gender relationships established in her Victorian and early modernist context. In ‘Room’, Woolf blames the patriarchal society for oppressing women and subjugating individual’s identities, â€Å"and that, as you will see, leaves the great problem of the true nature of women. . .and fiction unresolved†. She feels that the freedom of women to write is restrained by the expectations men have of what a woman should be. In other words, being a wife and the daily, culturally defined expectations of a female made it difficult for creativity and in particular the writing of fiction to be expressed in the Victorian era. Furthermore, Woolf states that even if a woman in such circumstances manages to write, using Charlotte Bronte as the example, â€Å"she will write in a rage where she should write calmly â€Å". Woolf shows here, using juxtaposition that a women writing out of frustration with the repression of her everyday life, will be an ineffective writer as she will write without an androgynous perspective. Woolf’s message, it seems, is that women must strive against the resistance of the patriarchal culture and attain some degree of independence and freedom from the restraints placed upon them by gender stereotypes. Similarly, Albee’s context, during the Cold war, has affected the way he has written ‘Who’s Afraid’ with the adjustment in tempo and style. This play shows the way that relationships, such as marriages, have become a battlefield in his post ww2 context, because of the tensions in gender relationships in the conservative era of America in the 1950s, where the AD outlined perceived ways that women and men should relate to one another. Martha is the older and the more dominant character between the two women in the text and is a model of women who have the money and ‘a room of their own.’ She has gained a measure of the independence that Woolf sought for women in her lecture. She is not ruled by her husband, George, their marriage is in fact quite the opposite. Martha does not live up to the societal expectations for a woman in her time as she is a bold and rebellious figure, using crass and unfeminine language, and telling anecdotes from hers and George’s personal life. This includes the story of her schoolgirl marriage to a man who ‘mowed the lawn†¦sitting up there, all naked,..theorietically you can’t get an annulment if there’s entrance.’ Contrastingly, Honey represents the vulnerable and withheld typical 1950s housewife, someone who does not have the voice and independence that Woolf hoped for. Her name symbolises to the responder that she isn’t an independent woman, she is reliant on the way that she is viewed by men, as sweet and gentle. This vulnerability and reliance shown in the anaphora, â€Å"I’ve never been so frightened in my life! Never!†. This play is a battlefield because women in both relationships are thwarted and oppressed, therefore Virigina Woolf’s hopes for independent, self-motivated women are not achieved in the female characters represented by Albee. The male characters in Albee’s play also show the illusory nature of the American Dream and the way that gender roles in the Cold War period were increasingly complex for members of both sexes. George’s character swings through moments of rage, frustration and cynicism as he watches his wife behave in a way that reflects badly upon him as a husband within his context. He alternately belittles lectures and reacts sarcastically to the woman that, at some points, the responder can see he still cares for. Nick, on the other hand, represents the ‘future’ – a biologist who lacks the empathy and emotion that George displays. Nick’s patronising treatment of Honey shows that he does not feel any respect or equality with her, and that he is consciously afraid that she has tricked him into a loveless and uneven marriage.

stephen chbosky the perks of being a wallflower essays

stephen chbosky the perks of being a wallflower essays THE PERKS OF BEING A WALLFLOWER Stephen Chbosky 1. I really enjoyed reading the book. I liked the way it was written pretty much. Charlie's letters are as intimate as a diary as he shares his day-to-day thoughts and feelings. You can somehow really get to know the narrator - Charlie - and you feel like he is writing all these letters to you. That is very interesting. Yet there are somewhat unrealistic tones, which I noticed some time after reading the book, because my first impression was how incredibly realistic it was. Charlie is only portrayed as the nice, innocent teenager. He does some things wrong, but in the end is near perfect. Even though he is screwed up, your compassion for Charlie is overwhelming, and you seem to forget that the book does not seem that real. Besides, in my opinion some of the letters are too "bookish". However I still think the book is insightful, true and pretty sad. 2. The language was colloquial and very easy to understand. 3. There are lots of impressing parts, but the one I liked most is when Charlie is telling a poem at a Christmas party to all his friends. I loved the poem because it is that sad but, however, true, I think. It is about growing up and how things change when you are not anymore the lovely little child but have become a young adult. In my opinion it is written in a very sad, nevertheless nice way. Later on Charlie finds out the poem was written by a boy just before he killed himself. He feels really sad about this. 4. "The perks of being a wallflower" is the story of what it is like to grow up in high school. Charlie, a 15-year-old freshman, is writing letters who cover his first year in high school to an unknown person. Charlie encounters the same struggles that many kids have to face in high school - how to make friends, family tensions, a first relationship, experimenting with drugs - but he also has to deal with his best friend's recent suicide. With th ...

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY As we all know that an essay is a form of short piece of writing that is created to share authors point of view. An essay is a pedagogical tool used to teach and to improve students writing skills. One of the most common and widely-used essays is descriptive essay. Descriptive essay can be categorized as the type of academic writing that majorly focused on picking up of sensory sort of details. Â  Sensory details mean an authors perception like getting and understanding the sensory information. Sensory information is obtained through physiological capabilities of the body and processed through mind perception. By describing your own sensory perception in the descriptive essay, you are appealing to the readers. You major goal is to draw in the reader’s attention through his emotional, physical and intellectual involvement. While writing your descriptive essay, consider your audience, focus on getting the strong impression, use variety of linguistic descriptive tools to receive audience reaction. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY Writing descriptive essay is an academic skill that requires some practice. The major knowledge about descriptive essay is actual knowing exactly what this type of writing requires. Initially, descriptive type of essay implies the excessive use of description methods. Prepare your mind to give the reader a full picture of the events that took place. Think of yourself as a reporter that is here to provide detailed descriptions of all things that happened at the specific time. By giving a full picture that may include momentary face expressions of participants or eminent gestures, the reader will be able to create a picture in his mind that is proven to fit the reality of description by 99%. To open up a secret to you, while many people agree that the information is perceived by the mind, but the actual information processing oftentimes is being conducted with the help of our subconscious mind as well. That is the reason that stands behind a good descriptive essay that is able to show all events in a format of descriptive writing to all readers in the same manner.

September 11th and U.S. Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

September 11th and U.S. Foreign Policy - Essay Example Insofar as many Arab Muslims, not least of which are the perpetrators of 9/11, are concerned, the United States' bias towards Israel and the aggressive stand it has adopted towards Arab Middle Eastern states is at the heart of the anger which fuelled the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The United States, as the primary mediator in the Arab-Israeli conflict, is ethically bound to adopt a neural stand and support international law but, public statements by American politicians expresses clear bias towards Israel. For example, on the 1st May, 2003, the U.S. Congress Majority leader publicly stated in a televised speech that he was "content to have Israel grab the entire West Bank there are many Arab nations that have many hundreds of thousands of acres of land, soil, and property and opportunity, to create a Palestinian state" (qtd. in Pomper, Foerstel and Broder). Apart from being an expression of clear bias from the conflict's chief mediator, such statements deeply anger Arab and Moslem populations because they exhibit an utter disregard for international law. That the United States is, within the ... Security Council Resolution 242"). Not only has Israel refused to respect this resolution but, to date, the United States has exploited its veto power to prevent the passage of ten resolutions which reiterated Resolution 242 and demanded ("U.S. Has A Long History"). Added to that, the United States has further vetoed resolutions which not only called upon Israel to respect international law but which condemned its killing of innocent Arab civilians and children. In total, the U.S. has vetoed 77 resolutions which condemned Israeli actions against Arab people and territories, and which demanded the withdrawal of Israel from Occupied Territories. With hardly any exception, the resolutions vetoed by the US had obtained near-unanimous Security Council and General Assembly approval (Reilly). From the Arab viewpoint, therefore, the United States is denying them justice under the law. The nature of the resolutions vetoed by the United States is fully expressive of the extent to which it is determined to deny Arab states justice under the law, and the degree to which it is biased in favor of Israel. This statement is amply supported by facts. For example, in 1990, the United States vetoed a resolution condemning the murder of seven unarmed Palestinian civilians by an Israeli, and in December 2002, vetoed another resolution condemning Israel's killing of UN employees ("U.S. Vetoes of UN Resolutions Critical of Israel"). Indeed, the United States has further vetoed resolutions whose intent was the "affirmation of the inalienable rights of the Palestinians," and the murder of Palestinians as they prayed inside al Aqsa Mosque.

Marketing Campaign of Benetton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Campaign of Benetton - Assignment Example Most of the companies use all forms of advertising media. The mass media is often used for advertising, such as radio, Magazine and TV; those medias are important aspect, it transfers the message that companies want their customers to know, and directly supports the selling efforts for the sales team; normally they support the advertising, so we may focus on some particular media, the reason is that the customer would like to know which brand is the most popular, so they may consider to purchasing their products. This report will consider the current and future market in Taiwan and provide an appropriate budget for Benetton; it can help Benetton to rebuild their brand image to target customers, even to purchase the products of Benetton. It would be popular to carry out the ideal of member card in Taiwan. Whenever customer purchases the products from Benetton, they can receive the voucher every time, the customers can collect it and exchange to a member card, it will give a discount whenever customers purchase the products from Benetton. 11 Benetton is a world famous clothing producer which launched in 1984 by Luciano Benetton. The family has an annual turnover of 2.0 billion euros. Benetton presents their products in 120 countries in the world. Except for "United Colors of Benetton", they developed other brands, such as Sisley, Playlife and Killer Loop. Almost 90% of the products are manufactured in Europe. Its distribution network is around 5,000 stores around the world, and there is an increasing trend on large floor-space point of sale offering high quality customer services and new generates. (www.benetton.com) The company has great negotiating power over its subcontractors, about 80 per cent of the manufacturing is done by 600 subcontractors in Italy. Benetton just focus on it's design and dyeing. Most of garments are produced in white and dyed by Benetton's fashion experts who decide the colors of the season, the company produces over 100 million garments every year, so there are keen competition between the suppliers. They both wants to be Benetton's suppliers. (www.benetton.com) Benetton's Campaign Objectives and Initiatives Objectives This report aims to look at the current and future market of Benetton Group, and evaluate the marketing communications strategy in Taiwan; it will identify the problems or positive issues and provide a recommendation of the communication mix. Furthermore, it will build a communication strategy and set up milestones for the plan which includes appropriate media and provide a budget for the company. Initiatives To achieve the aims, research objectives should be set up, and then it can be plan for it. There are several initiatives: To identify the message they wish to convey and associate with the brand To discover more customers in

Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Retail Marketing - Essay Example The emergence and popularity of the free trade policies have facilitated the international expansion of the multinational corporations as the free trade policies have multiplied the opportunities in the international market. In case retailing marketing, the international exposures have paved the way for better market expansions and hence many leading retailers like Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Sainsbury etc have entered many international markets with better opportunities. However, many academics believe that from the very early period of business, the retailers used to go for international business. At presented, the entire process of international trade have become more structured and as retailers have started to open their international divisions and units with multiple retailing stores. The multinational retailers have realized that potential opportunities underlying in the international and development market like China, Middle East, India etc. The process of international retailing bec omes a notable instance during late 1990s. With increasing global competition, many scholars perceive that for long term sustainability, retailers must opt for the internationalisation of their business as some of expert retail analytics have commented that â€Å"by the year 2005....retailer will either be global...or they will be gone† (Lamba, 2002, p.06). This paper will also attempt to present a retailer’s international viability through analysis and discussion. Therefore, as a retailer, India’s retail chain group, Shopper’s Stop has been selected as it does not have international business unit. In order to assess its international viability, an internal analysis of this retailer will be conducted using the value chain model. Next, for international exposition, retailer also needs to understand the basics of international retailing. Hence, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the international retailing and the way to gain the competitive advantages. Moreover, for international retailing expansion, strategic framework must be in according and hence, finally, a set of plausible and relevant recommended strategies will be given followed by a conclusion. 2. Brief Overview about Company: Shopper’s Stop Shopper’s Stop is a popular Indian retail chain and it is primarily India-based retailing company. This retail chain was established on October 07, 1991 and it was founded by the K. Raheja Group of Companies, one of pioneers in hospitality and real estate business. Initially, the retail chain was brand shop and gradually, it a brand store family store for Fashion and Lifestyle. It has experienced a rapid growth in Indian competitive retailing industry and many considered it as â€Å"the highest benchmark for the Indian retail industry†, and moreover, it keeps expanding its business in the domestic market by target the non-catered regional markets (Shoppers Stop Ltd.-a, n.d.). It is an public ltd. Compa ny and listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange. The company aims to be the top retail company in India in department store category with a set of pre-defined

Alan Turings Life, Contributions, and Legacy

Alan Turings Life, Contributions, and Legacy Our daily lives are filled with technology. We wake up on time thanks to the alarms we set on our phone. We can find the fastest route available to get to where we need to go using the GPS. We can work anywhere and whenever we want, using our portable laptops. Sometimes we dont know how to spell a word, or know the answer to a question, and we are able to search it up on Google and find an answer. Technology makes our lives easier. It would be hard to live in a world without the conveniences we have today. We owe a lot of our modern advancements to Alan Turing, one of the most prominent computer scientists in the early 1900s. Turing created the concept of a Universal Turing machine, what is known as a computer today. Moreover, Turing also led the philosophy to artificial intelligence, much of what our newest technologies incorporate nowadays. While he did not get to witness the potential and great reality of his concepts today, his vision created a lasting legacy that future computer scientists continue to build on and explore. Alan Mathison Turing was born on June 23, 1912 in Paddington, London (Hodges). Turings father, Julius Mathison Turing, served the British Indian Civil Service where he had met Turings mother, Ethel Sara Stoney, who was the daughter of the chief railway engineer in the Madras Presidency (Hodges). Alan Turing also had an older brother, John Turing. Turing grew up in the upper-middle-class, and did not see his parents much (Hodges). Accordingly, he was sent to Sherborne School, a boarding school. At Sherborne School, Turing focused on mathematics and science, studying ahead of what the school expected the students to learn (Hodges). In his classes, Turing met Christopher Morcom, which he found to be an equal peer in his interest in mathematics and science (Hodges). Unfortunately, 2 years after they had met, Morcom passed away, which caused great trauma for Turing (Hodges). After his best friends death, Turing went to Kings College in Cambridge, where the two intended to go together before Morcoms untimely death (Hodges). At Kings College, he was more encouraged to endeavor in his studies and research rather than at Sherborne (Hodges). Turing was well read in principles of math and quantum mechanics (Hodges). Turing studied and was influenced works by other mathematicians and scientists such as von Neumann and A. S. Eddington (Hodges). Turing was awarded a Fellowship of Kings College in 1935 (Hodges). A year later, he received a Smiths Prize for his research on probability theory (Hodges). While attending Kings College, Alan Turing was involved with the Anti-war movement of 1933, although he was not deeply into politics (Hodges). The Anti-war movement that Turing was associated with was in between the two world wars. In the 1930s, people rebelled against further warfare because of the consequences of the First World War. Because the First World War caused great casualties and suffering, people resisted fighting in future wars, and advocated for peace instead. The Anti-war movement led to new reason of thoughts such as Marxism and pacifism, which Turing did not participate in (Hodges). The Second World War broke out in 1939 and ended shortly 6 years after. During that time, Turing worked in secret as a cryptographer for the British Intelligence, among other top cryptographers (Hodges). Ultimately, his mission was to crack Germanys Enigma cipher, the most complex cipher at its time, which was the key to accessing important German troops plan. Turing managed the impossible and cracked the code. By doing so, he saved many Allied lives. Turing was hugely responsible for the outcome of the war. While it is not confirmed, Winston Churchill supposedly said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany (Schilling). Turings involvement with the Second World War and working with the British government allowed him to have funding and thus influenced him to work on several other projects. Turing had many great contributions during the Second World War. In order to crack the Enigma, Turing and his colleague Gordon Welchman invented the Bombe, which deciphers the encrypted messages from the Enigma sent by the Germans (IWM). Before the invention of the Bombe, the Enigma would have been impossible to crack, as the encryption method was changed daily. Consequently, the Bombe drastically reduced the workload required to crack the Enigma, and allowed the British to have Germans intelligence which was a huge advantage. Turing shared his work with other allied countries, which led them to work on different versions of the Bombe (IWM). One of Turings greatest contributions is the Universal Turing Machine. Turing started working on it in 1936 before the Second World War, and continued to work on it after the war (IWM). Turing first had the idea of a Turing machine, a machine that is capable of performing a computational task. There are many possible tasks that a Turing Machine can compute, thus there are infinite possibilities of Turing machines (Hodges). Alan Turing conceptualized the Universal Turing machine, which would perform any task one Turing machine would be able to do (Hodges). Think of a Turing machine as a function on a calculator, such as adding or subtracting. The Universal Turing machine is the calculator itself, which comprises many functions. The Universal Turing machine was a single machine that had the potential to do many tasks. Many computer scientists may argue Alan Turing is the inventor of the first modern computer. His idea of the Universal Turing machine is the essence of the modern computer. Computers today have many applications, such as a calculator, a web browser, or a music player. These applications could be independent machines, however they are encapsulated into one machine, which is the idea of the Universal Turing machine at heart. Without Turings ingenious concept, we might not have the modern computer today. Another big contribution by Alan Turing is the Turing Test. The Turing Test comes from Turings Computing Machinery and Intelligence paper written in 1950 (Hodges). Turing created a hypothesis that a Turing machine can be created to have intelligence. According to John M. Kowalik, The test consisted of a person asking questions via keyboard to both a person and an intelligent machine. He believed that if the person could not tell the machine apart from the person after a reasonable amount of time, the machine was somewhat intelligent. The Turing Test challenges the idea of an intelligent machine, or at least convince a human it has intelligence. Turing has left a great legacy for the progress of computer science. Based on his concepts of the Universal Turing machine, later computer scientists were inspired computational machines that could perform multiple tasks. The idea of a Universal Turing machine has not changed, but its capabilities have certainly evolved as technology evolves. From the clunky desktops in the late 1900s, to the rail thin laptops we have today, they were all inspired by Turings concept of the Universal Turing machine. Today, computer scientists are still exploring the infinite possibilities of the functionalities of a computer, as Turing theorized. The Turing Test spawned a new field of study in computer science. Turing left future computer scientists the ambitious idea of artificial intelligence. Although it was not achieved in his lifetime, today we have many applications of artificial intelligence that are all based on the fundamental idea of the Turing Test. Cars that can autonomously drive, Siri on the iPhone, and Google search are all examples of artificially intelligence led by the legacy of Turing. Scholars are still finding ways to implement artificial intelligence into our interactions in daily life. What Turing has started blossomed into a new form of technology that has transformed the way we cooperate with machines. In conclusion, Alan Turing deserves much appreciation for his works in his lifetime. Turings invention of the Bombe allowed the British to decipher the Enigma and led to victory for the Allied forces. The Universal Turing machine was arguably the first concept of the modern computer. The Turing Test led to talk and future work by computer scientists in artificial intelligence. Turing had a grand vision for how machines could aid us in the future. By following his legacy, computer scientists continue to build on the foundation that his concepts had laid out. Even when technology progress further, Turings vision will never be forgotten. His ideas have transcended in new forms. Many science fiction novels, philosophy, and movies can be accredited to Turings concepts. It is unfortunate that his contributions were not greatly recognized in his own lifetime as it is today. Turing faced many adversities with authorities concerning his sexuality with men, which was shunned mid-1900s in Engla nd (Hodges). Sadly, Turing passed away on June 8, 1954, due to cyanide poisoning, which was believed to be suicide (Hodges). Despite the challenges in his life, Turing still fathered many revolutionary ideas in computer science. Turing leaves us behind with his legacy, in promising hope for a greater future. References Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing a Short Biography. Alan Turing a Short Biography. Turing.org.uk, 1995. Web. 24 Mar. 2017. Hodges, Andrew. The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook. Alan Turing Scrapbook Turing Test. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2017. How Alan Turing Cracked The Enigma Code. Imperial War Museums. N.p., 21 Jan. 2015. Web. 24 Mar. 2017. Kowalik, John M. Alan Turing. N.p., 1995. Web. 24 Mar. 2017. Schilling, Johnathan. Churchill: Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory. The Churchill Centre. The International Churchill Society, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2017.