Changes in Ethnic and Religious Diversity

Question: 1. Fundamentally examine the originations of Australian national personality introduced in two Australian movies or TV arrangement created after 2001. 2. ' Australia is situated in Asia however has never been a piece of Asia. Fundamentally survey the legitimacy of this announcement corresponding to Australia since the 1970s. AIX290-390 Field Report Essay Assessment 3. Why has financial disparity expanded in Australia since the 1970s? What have been the outcomes of this expansion for the personal satisfaction in Australia? 4. How have examples of ethnic and strict assorted variety changed in Australia since the 1970s? How have governments reacted to these changes? 5. Thoroughly analyze Australian mentalities towards movement with ONE of the United States or Korea or another nation in East Asia. 6. The Australian reaction to haven searchers exhibits that bigotry is perfectly healthy in Australia. Do you concur? 7. Investigate the Australian experience of carbonpricing with ONE of the U nited States, Korea, Peoples Republic of China or another nation in East Asia 8. How have indigenous Australians tested the Australian country state since the 1970s? How has the pioneer lion's share reacted to their requests? 9. Why and how has Sydney increased a global notoriety as a focal point of gay life? 10. Why has the reason for marriage uniformity been more fruitful in the United States than in Australia? 11. Look into the essentialness of religion in Australian existence with its criticalness with ONE of the United States, Korea or another nation in East Asia. 12. The experience of Julia Gillard as Prime Minister showed that sexism is fit as a fiddle in Australia. Do you concur? 13. What are the likenesses and contrasts between the Australian Labor Party and the American Democrats? AIX290-390 Field Report Essay Assessment 14. What are the likenesses and contrasts between the Liberal and National gatherings and the American Republicans? Answer: Presentation: In late situation, it is apparent that the there is presence of cross-societies in each country. There is progressively social reliance of different networks and the interrelatedness has expanded essentially particularly after the globalization. These days, there is social variety in every single country. It very well may be said that truly the contentions among different races and ethnic gatherings are apparent. It is clear that, as the time passed such clashes were settled in the general public and it prompted progressively just framework in different social orders (wiliam, 2015). In ongoing decades multi-culturism is one of the perceived words by the scholastics, social pundits and the approach producers. It is clear that Australia is one of the nations where such changes have been apparent and the examples of ethnic and strict decent variety has changed in the nation in the previous not many decades (Collins, 2013). The principle point of this article is to basically talk about t he progressions ethnic and strict decent variety in Australia since 1970s. Previously, experiencing the adjustments in ethnic and strict assorted variety, it is imperative to comprehend both the terms well overall. It is noticed that OSullivan (2014) characterized theethnic grouporethnicityas a particular class of individuals whorecognize with each otheron the premise of widespreadinherited, collective, instructive or across the nation experience. Then again, the term strict assorted variety can be clarified from different edges, for example, from psychosomatic, anthropological, or ordered purpose of perspectives. The current contention, by and by, will stress itself chiefly with a few key viewpoints neighboring strict assorted variety, specifically methodical mastermind of strict conviction, are generally fearful at present (OSullivan, 2014). Here, the examination likewise talked about how the administration has reacted to such changes. Changes in Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Australia since 1970s: It is obvious that there has been social and ethnic decent variety in Australia and it has changed essentially in the previous scarcely any decades. Here it very well may be said that 1995 is the International Year of Tolerance as assigned by the United Nations and it pondered the multi-social nature in Australia. It is clear that different societies have developed in Australia with no serious issues that are seen in different nations (Australia.gov.au, 2015). There are a few estimates that can be utilized to show various attributes of the strict, social and ethnic decent variety of Australia. There is sure level of debate that is clear in the nation too. One of the challenges that were looked in the nation was as far as finding the ethnicity of the individuals. Australian censuses on the origin and the religion can introduce constrained issues that were for the most part brought about by changing limits after some time. Before, it was announced by most Australians the adherence to a particular group which was typically Catholic or Protestant. The instructive government assistance offices and places of worship were progressively inspired by the strict information however as of late the selectiveness of the divisions were not all that inflexible as non-Christian sections were likewise extended in Australia. The ethnic quality and the fixation can be estimated by the ethnic origin and strict information. In the accompanying table the quantity of original and second era individuals with English talking and non-English talking foundation in 1991 (Forrest and Dunn, 2011). Source: (Abs.gov.au, 2015) It is obvious that individuals from different relocation nations have come in Australia and that has created the second era in the nation. The gatherings principally incorporate individuals from Austria, Ireland, Malta, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Italy, and United Kingdom. The subsequent age fundamentally dwarfs the first. Here it very well may be said that the new thousand years started in Australia with an enormous and assorted populace base. There has been 5% expansion in the inhabitants who are brought into the world abroad. It is additionally obvious that there has been a decrease in the Australia conceived occupants. As of late, the progression of individuals in Australia having an origin of United Kingdom is 5.5%. Around 6.3% of the individuals in Australia are conceived in the Middle-east, North Africa and Asia. Consequently there has been critical social assorted variety is Australia since 1970s. The ethnic piece of the nation changed altogether, particularly after the Second World War. After the War, the quantity of moved individuals entering Australia from different nations expanded. In 1947, a large portion of the individuals moved in Australia were from English-talking nations (White, 2009). Since 1971, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals were remembered for the agreement. After 1971, the assorted variety in the ethnic gatherings expanded essentially. The blended plummets were likewise characterized in other racial class because of high notable fixation on race despite the fact that they were very acclimatized in the standard. So as to come in the ongoing statistics list, indigenous individuals decided to order themselves as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander source (migrationpolicy.org, 2002). Here it very well may be said that the size of ethnic gatherings can't be resolved unquestionably versatile ethnic gathering idea. In the migration circumstanc e there is a component of decision and the thing that matters is between the non-residents and residents. In 1973, the racial characterization of movement was relinquished by Australian government as there was no purpose behind the ethnic gathering restriction (OSullivan, 2014). There were changing patterns of finding the substitute for ethnicity. From the outset it was origination which turned into the unacceptable measure, after that it was evaluated by religion. In 1976, language was the fundamental proportion of ethnicity. In the accompanying table, a portion of the ethnicities as far as origination, religion and language are appeared. Source: (Abs.gov.au, 2015) There are different elements of ethnicities and after 1991; self-ID was remembered for the Census for the native individuals (Unesco.org, 2015). In Australia, it was seen that the ethnic minorities and explicit gathering of individuals packed specifically zones and it was regularly named as ghettos. Presently the administration reactions to the ethnic and strict decent variety can be examined. Government Responses to the ethnic and strict assorted variety in Australia Since the very source as a vital structure the reaction towards the necessities of the foreigners the ethnic and the strict assorted varieties have become a thought that detected the developing social decent variety in the general public particularly during the later piece of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, this multi-social and ethnic assorted variety has been commonly challenged and consequently have been exceptionally dubious and examined as for the security and the social questions predominant in the start of the twenty-first century (Roy, 2012). In Australia the principal Department of Immigration was built up in 1945. From that point forward the legislature was centered around the arrangements identifying with the settlement of the outsiders and open talk because of this (ZAPPALA, 1998). Because of this the multicultural assorted variety in the Australian culture vacillated and the accentuation moved from absorbing and coordinating to multi-social decent variety. In any case as of late the move has again centered to digestion. Towards the finish of 1960s, the approaches of the legislature had just moved towards joining and mindfulness spread on the troubles which the new outsiders confronted. The administration likewise endeavored to make such strategies that would bolster the foreigners to effectively coordinate in the Australian culture without the dread of losing their national character (Neale, Kleinert and Bancroft, 2000). Globally there were nations that were generally inviting the workers in their nations, for example, Canada. Because of this during 1970s the acknowledgment of these multi-societies in the Australian culture incr

Top Six (Really) FREE Image Sites - The Writers For Hire

TOP SIX (REALLY) FREE IMAGE SITES With the Internet’s apparently unending stream of pictures for some random subject, it’s difficult to know which ones are allowed to utilize, and which ones are ensured by exacting copyrights. Seeing a enormous watermark on a picture is commonly a decent sign that the picture you are taking a gander at is copyrighted. Be that as it may, consider the possibility that there is no conspicuous copyright. watermark? What's more, imagine a scenario in which you can tap on the picture and spare it to your. PC? Does that imply that you are lawfully allowed to utilize that picture for your own sites or sites? The appropriate responses to these inquiries are not in every case clear, and in any event, when you think you are following the correct strides to ensure you are utilizing a picture that isn't copyrighted, pictures that appear to be without copyright are once in a while just copyright free in specific circumstances. The Sticky Details of Copyright Laws Sadly, picture copyright laws can be confused to explore. Furthermore, disregarding those copyright laws can prompt punishments and costly claims. Of course, there is an opportunity that the picture you use will never be found. Be that as it may, actually that whoever snapped that photo or made that picture has the right to be appropriately credited what's more, made up for their work. That is where copyright licenses, and the laws that secure them, become possibly the most important factor. There is a enormous exhibit of various copyright licenses that control how and when pictures can be utilized. A few licenses are extremely prohibitive, while others permit open and free utilization of the picture. The stunt is making sense of which permit your picture is secured by, and what that permit permits and denies. For instance, Flickr pictures are secured under eight unique sorts of Creative Commons copyright licenses. The specific permit utilized for every individual picture is up to the caution of whoever made or claims the picture. Along these lines, when utilizing Flickr pictures, it is significant that you discover which Creative Commons permit is material to the specific picture that you wish to utilize. Kinds of Copyright Licenses While there are various copyright licenses out there, probably the most usually found licenses are: All Rights Reserved: With this permit, the copyright holder saves all rights given by copyright law. This incorporates the option to cause duplicates, to disseminate the picture, and permit or in any case abuse their work; no rights are deferred under this license.Royalty Free: An eminence free permit permits you to utilize the picture without paying any sort of eminence. Eminence free pictures are commonly found on stock-photograph destinations, where the sovereignty has been paid effectively through your participation to the site.Public Domain Work: Images characterized under the Public Area have been distinguished as being liberated from known limitations under copyright law. This implies the picture is liberated to be utilized for all reasons, without requiring to look for consent or pay a fee.Attribution: If a picture is secured by the Attribution permit, it might be utilized for individual or business purposes, as long as the client gives appropriate credit, gives a connect to the permit, and shows whether any progressions were made to the first image.Attribution-ShareAlike: Like the Attribution permit, this permit permits free utilization of the picture with appropriate attribution. It additionally requires that on the off chance that you change or expand upon the picture in any capacity, you should circulate your commitment under a similar permit as the original.Attribution-NoDerivs: Again, this permit follows the equivalent administers as the Attribution permit; in any case, in the event that you roll out any improvements to the unique, you may not appropriate the changed image.Attribution-NonCommercial: With the NonCommercial statement to the Attribution permit, you may just utilize the picture for individual use. The picture may not be utilized for business purposes. Instructing yourself on precisely what these licenses spread, and ensuring you know which permit relates to your picture, is basic in the event that you wish to maintain a strategic distance from any conceivable copyright encroachments. Punishments For Copyright Infringements Making the slip-up of utilizing a copyrighted picture without authorization can hold some lovely weighty results. First of all, it’s in no way enjoyable to get an alarming looking â€Å"Cease and Desist† letter or an â€Å"Unauthorized Use Report† email. Far and away more terrible, however, is the point at which those notifices are joined by an interest that you pay a permit charge or face further legitimate activity. Furthermore, in the event that you figure you can pull off overlooking the notification and charge request, reconsider! Coming up short to react to the quit it can cost you a fine of somewhere in the range of $200 to $150,000, in addition to lawyer expenses and harms. To finish it off, the picture proprietor can accept it to the extent utilizing the DCMA (Digital Thousand years Copyright Act) to get your whole site shut down. All in all, How would you Know whether Images are Truly Copyright Free? The best way to know without a doubt is to look into the permit for the specific picture that you need to utilize. When utilizing locales, for example, Flickr or Shutterstock, every individual picture ought to have an authorizing understanding that clarifies whether the picture can be utilized, for what reason it might be utilized, and whether there is a charge related with its utilization. In any case, if you are essentially doing a Google picture search, the permit data isn't continuously simple to discover. Regularly, it is almost difficult to discover who really claims the permit for a considerable lot of the pictures. Also, in spite of the fact that it is conceivable to set Google parameters to show just copyright free pictures, there is no assurance that the pictures that are demonstrated are really copyright free. For this reason, we suggest that you generally pick your pictures from a site where authorizing data is unmistakably presented and simple on comprehend. While there are a wide range of picture locales to browse, these are our best six top pick locales with the expectation of complimentary pictures: https://www.pexels.com/https://burst.shopify.comhttps://www.reshot.comhttps://pixabay.comhttps://gratisography.com/https://pxhere.com/ Not exclusively do these destinations contain amazingly lovely pictures, they all additionally obviously express that their pictures are accessible for both business and non-business use and that credit to the picture taker isn't required however is, as usual, acknowledged. What's more, the best part? Adhering to one of these destinations for your picture searches will guarantee that you can have significant serenity in realizing that you won't be in peril of unconsciously submitting a copyright encroachment. **Note: While the destinations we suggest do have copyright free pictures, it is consistently imperative to peruse the fine print before utilizing a picture. In spite of the fact that the picture itself might be allowed to utilize, a portion of the things delineated in the pictures, (for example, recognizable individuals, tourist spots, or trademarked logos) may have different copyrights or trademarks that require assent from an outsider.

MindMeister 4.0 New Features! - Focus

MindMeister 4.0 New Features! - Focus Please note: this article was last updated in 2010. For the latest information on MindMeister product updates, please visit our blog homepage at focus.meisterlabs.com Chances are, you’ve probably noticed a few changes to your MindMeister user interface over the past few days. This is because we’ve packed a bunch of new updates into our newest version release: MindMeister  4.0. There have been a number of helpful suggestions from our users, and while we haven’t crossed them all off the ‘To-Do’ map, we’ve incorporated a number in this release, and plan on rolling out additional features over the next few months. Whats New? Map Themes One of the most requested features in our recent User Survey was the ability to color and theme maps. We’ve now added the ability to change not only node and text colors, but backgrounds as well. Users may select one of our 12 predefined maps, or customize their map with any number of color combinations. If you’ve got one you think we should take a look at, please let us know! Stats, Reports, and Backups Team Edition users are now privy to a host of administrative features. Included in the MindMeister 4.0 release are usages statistics and activity reports. Administrators of Team Edition accounts can find these reporting features listed under the ‘My Team’ tab, and now have access to a birds-eye overview of team activity. Currently, we provide user data on: who’s logged in, most active users, and number of maps per user. Back It Up! Another high scorer on our User Survey, MindMeister users indicated that they’d like an option to back-up their mind maps. We’re introducing this service to team edition (Business and Academic) users, who now have the option to backup all mind maps of team members to a configurable external location. Administrators may specify how often and in which format these backups should take place, and can access them via any SSH FTP connection. As mentioned above, we also have more reporting features in the works. If there’s a feature you’d like to see included, please let us know! Configurable Sidebar Let’s face it, not everyone is working on a 30” Cinema Display (sadly, were not either). We discovered that a number of MindMeister users were doing a lot of unnecessary scrolling and clicking just to access and open the Sidebar widgets. We’ve worked a bit of code magic behind the scenes that now allows users to drag and drop Sidebar widgets wherever they choose. Use attachments quite a lot, but not the Navigator? Drag that Navi down to the bottom, and drop the Extras section up top! New User Interface As mentioned above, we’ve introduced a new user interface. Were going for a cleaner, streamlined, more ‘business-like design, and have paved the way for even more user-requested features (did someone say folders?). We’ll be adding these new features piece by piece over the next few months. You might also notice the lack of a certain pink motif. While the pink will still remain as part of our overall logo design, we’ve started to phase it out, and are replacing it with a lighter shade of blue. As with all of our releases, we’ve checked and re-checked the system, but if you happen to find any issues that we should be made aware of, please let us know! Visualize. Plan. Deliver. Try MindMeister

Information Systems Changing Constantly - 633 Words

INFORMATION SYSTEMS: CHANGING CONSTANTLY Information Systems: Changing Constantly BIS/219 October 29, 2009 INFORMATION SYSTEMS: CHANGING CONSTANTLY The last 20 years, traditional business organizations have critically adapted to create new change within their infrastructure. Modernization of company departments in marketing, management and HR have improved workflow efficiency, learning, control, flexibility, production and performance to survive the onslaught of other competitors. Decision making in organizations has rarely been the focus of organized analysis. In the last couple years, this may account for the astounding number of recent poor decisions to invest in and securitize mortgage loans. Companies†¦show more content†¦Application software consists of instructions that direct a computer system to perform specific information processing activities and that provide functionality for users. Because there are so many different uses for computers, there are a correspondingly large number of different application software programs. Examples of different types of software ap plications are Microsoft Office, Adobe, IBM Lotus, Novell, and Netscape. System software are programs that control and support the computer system and its information processing activities. Systems software also facilitates the programming, testing, and debugging of computer programs. System control programs control use of the hardware, software, and data resources of a computer system. The main system control program is the operating system. The operating system (OS) supervises the operation of the computer. One of its key functions is to monitor the computer’s status, scheduling operations, including the input, and output processes. This author took into consideration the various organizational departments within a company, to include marketing, management, and HR. â€Å"Balancing Four Factors in System Development Projects† (2009). Companies need to develop their departments to the following criteria. Acquire knowledge in the use of key technologies, development of technologies, business functionality, control over project costs, and control over projectShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper1242 Words   |  5 Pagesof the relevant information from the bulk of knowledge is vital for many aspect of our lives. As an IMBA student in Florida International University, I have never thought that there was such a strict distinction between the information and the knowledge in today’s technology driven world. However, after taken this course, it is quite clear to me that gathering the beneficial information is not an easy task as it seems before. 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The Revolution Of The Modern World - 1441 Words

Revolution has played a critical role in the establishment of the modern world. As a means to an end, it is a methodical approach for creating change in the leadership, culture, and organizational structures within a society. Most interpretations of revolutions consist of the aggressive overthrow of a government or societal conditions in an attempt to bring forth change. Although the term ‘revolution’ is often understood to include a violent disruption of the status quo, it can also include non-violent episodes of change of both positive and negative results. Going Through a Revolution When a country experiences a revolution, it means that the country is experiencing some sort of crisis or situation that generates a high level of dissatisfaction with the people. In other words, something has to occur that generates a desire for change that is strong enough to inspire the people to come together and revolt against those in power or to create a new state of affairs that will improve the situation. The French Revolution provides an example of a social and fiscal crisis in which the ruling elites and aristocracy benefit from and rely on the lower-class who are experiencing poverty, hunger, and desperation. The unfair taxation and disregard for the lower-class, in addition to fiscal mismanagement created a poor economic situation consisting of high unemployment, poverty, and famine. 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The French Revolution was a successful endeavour on the part of the French people because it reformed social traditionRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pagesactions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of achieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginning of modern history. The French revolution playing a role in furthering Enlightenment, will led to a chain of events that will change the course of the future and modernize the world through the intellectual

Last Shot Free Essays

Who knew that from the beginning things would fall downhill fast, the other team would be such more skilled and our team being devastated and that I would crumble In my moment to save what little respect my team had left? I look across the field at the other team warming up. I can’t help but notice how fluid and controlled their movements are. Halfway into the game my team’s spirit is deflated. We will write a custom essay sample on Last Shot or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are playing worse than we really are. We thought we would be okay but the team is playing defeated. We are down five to zero; the possibility of scoring is a thing of the past considering our attackers haven’t seen the goal all game. Coach paces the locker mom speaking his face reddening as he tries to raise the burning sensation to win within the team. The eyes of my teammates light up with a spark, with hope that sparks will ignite into a flaming inferno. The last quarter of the game my mind is filled with guilt. Have I choked or was the other team Just better? Am I good enough to deserve this spot on the team? We are down nine to nothing with Just under a minute left and the other team has the ball. As the attacker comes down the field I get a nod from coach and I know it’s his way of telling me the pride of the team rest on my holders. I have one Job and one Job only do not let this game get into the double digits. Number 21 comes down the ball passing it in his team begins to move the ball around the goal. Seeing the ball moving around to my left side I step up to meet the shot, then a sadden movement catches my eye to the right. In that split second the attacker released the ball, my focus lost for one moment caused my reflexes to falter. I swing my stick around in hope that I can make the save, but the slap of the net lets me know I was too late. Twenty minutes later the buzzer sounds and the game Is over s Is any pride I had left. Not only had I let down myself but equally so my coach, school and my team. I sat there In the locker room the game on my mind all those thoughts running circles In my mind. My emotions running wild Inside me now that I am alone all the anger, sadness, regret disgust but most of all I feel Like a failure. And In that same moment I realized If I had sat there mopping nothing would change With the determination In my heart and mind that dull spark blew up Into a flame you could see through my eyes. I picked up my stick looked at It running to the field dead to practice and prove I’m worth to hold this stick. Last Shot By Commander Due: 2/16/2011 I sit in that smelly sweat stained locker room, all I can think about is whether or not I practice hard enough or pushed myself to the limit. I change alone in my corner with as he slaps my pads when he walks by. Laughing, he asks me if I was set; grabbing much more skilled and our team being devastated and that I would crumble in my other team warming up. I can’t help but notice how fluid and controlled their me know I was too late. Twenty minutes later the buzzer sounds and the game is over s is any pride I had left. Not only had I let down myself but equally so my coach, school and my team. I sat there in the locker room the game on my mind all those thoughts running circles in my mind. My emotions running wild inside me now that I am alone all the anger, sadness, regret disgust but most of all I feel like a failure. And in that same moment I realized if I had sat there mopping nothing would change. With the determination in my heart and mind that dull spark blew up into a flame you could see through my eyes. I picked up my stick looked at it running to the field How to cite Last Shot, Papers

Guide Wavelength Measurements free essay sample

The relationship between the wavelength in free space and the guide wavelength. Furthermore, this experiment will be a way in which to gain experience in using different types of laboratory communications equipment. Introduction What is wavelength? Wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the distance between identical points in the adjacent cycles of a waveform signal. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (? )Wavelength is inversely correlated to frequency (figure 1. 1), therefore the higher the frequency of the signal, the shorter the wavelength. vp Is the phase velocity f is the frequency vp Is the phase velocity f is the frequency ?=vpf Figure 1. 1 What is a wave guide? Figure 1. 2 A waveguide is a special form of transmission line consisting of a rectangular (figure 1. 2) or cylindrical metal tube or pipe, through which electromagnetic waves are propagated in microwave and RF communications. It s commonly used in microwave communications, broadcasting, and radar installations. A waveguide must have a certain minimum diameter relative to the wavelength of the signal and therefore are practical only for signals of extremely high frequency. Consequently below such frequencies, waveguides are useless as electrical transmission lines. â€Å"An electromagnetic field can propagate along a waveguide in various ways. Two common modes are known as transverse-magnetic (TM) and transverse-electric (TE). In TM mode, the magnetic lines of flux are perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide. In TE mode, the electric lines of flux are perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide. Either mode can provide low loss and high efficiency as long as the interior of the waveguide is kept clean and dry. † Some disadvantages are: * The high cost, since the material used is special alloy (copper and silver). * It is not possible to pass DC currents along with your RF signal. * The volume and mass particularly are at lower frequencies. Although there is quite a few disadvantages the fact that you can transmit extremely high peak powers and very low loss outweighs it. Furthermore the Silver plating used on the inside walls of the waveguide decreases the resistance loss making the copper and aluminium waveguides even more efficient. Experimental notes The experiment needs to be conducted to obtain the value of the guide wavelength and thereafter calculate the wave dimension and observe whether it matches the initial result that was measured. The initial result measured was the value. Cut-off wavelength for the wave guide mode being propagate ? o = Wavelength in free space g = Guide wavelength, known as delta g The equation to measure ? o is already present as it is given by free-space. Although the cut-off wavelength can be calculated by rearranging the formula in figure 1. 1, the experiment will be used to further confirm this mathematical formula. What we will acquire is a range of guide wavelengths throughout the experiment in order to find the Cut-off wavelength. Where is the cut-off wavelength for the waveguide mode being propagated? The dominant mode is being propagated in the rectangular waveguide (figure 1. 2) which means where (a) is the internal broad dimension of the rectangular waveguide. Block diagram Microwave signal source Isolator Preset attenuator Wave meter Short circuit Calibrated attenuator Tuned SWR amplifier + meter Standing wave detector Microwave signal source Isolator Preset attenuator Wave meter Short circuit Calibrated attenuator Tuned SWR amplifier + meter Standing wave detector Microwave signal source This device is the signal generator where you get 8 to 12 GHz. It is extremely expensive equipment and costs in the region of ? 20,000. This is due to the fact that we are dealing with high frequency signals and not with normal radio waves. Isolator By terminating one port, a circulator becomes an isolator, which contains the property for energy to flow in one direction only. It samples some of the forward wave power and couples it to a calibrated cavity wave meter for measuring the oscillator frequency. Preset attenuator â€Å"Attenuators are essential building blocks when developing test stations for applications† Attenuators are devices used to adjust signal levels which helps to stop the reflected power from reaching the oscillator, control impedance mismatch and to isolate circuit stages. Wave meter Any device for measuring the free-space wavelengths (or frequencies) of microwaves; usually made of a cavity resonator whose dimensions can be varied until resonance with the microwaves is achieved. The determination is often made indirectly, by measuring the frequency of the wave. Calibrated attenuator The calibrator changes the value if it gets too high. Attenuators are manufactured with high-accuracy calibration, and for utmost precision. They available in standard waveguide were each attenuator is calibrated at the frequency specified at the time of order. Standing wave detector Standing wave detector detects radio frequency signals along a transmission line or in a waveguide and changes it into a DC voltage for the reason that the waveguide cannot transmit DC currents along with the RF signal. Tuned SWR amplifier + meter The  standing wave ratio  meter  measures the  SWR (standing-wave-ratio)  which is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing wave at a maximum to the amplitude at a minimum in a transmission line. This is an item of  radio  equipment used to check the quality of the match between the  antenna  and the  transmission line. Procedure 1. Set up the microwave bench, as indicated. 2. Read the basic instructions for the microwave bench and then obtain oscillations at 8. 5 GHz from the microwave signal source. 3. If it is possible, maximize the deflection on the SWR-meter by using the method outlined in the basic instructions. 4. Measure the frequency, f, using the wave meter. Calculate the free space wavelength, ? o , by using ? o = c/f where c = 2. 997? 1010 cm s-1. 5. Move the standing wave detector (SWD) probe along the slotted line and watch the SWR-meter.

Analysis of Catcher in the Rye Essays - Point Of View, Style

Holden Caulfield is the protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye, and the most important function of these early chapters is to establish the basics of his personality. From the beginning of the novel, Holden tells his story in a bitterly cynical voice. He refuses to discuss his early life, he says, because he is bored by ?all that David Copperfield kind of crap.? He gives us a hint that something catastrophic has happened in his life, acknowledging that he writes from a rest home to tell about ?this madman stuff? that happened to him around the previous Christmas, but he doesn?t yet go into specifics. The particularities of his story are in keeping with his cynicism and his boredom. He has failed out of school, and he leaves Spencer?s house abruptly because he does not enjoy being confronted by his actions. Beneath the surface of Holden?s tone and behavior runs a more idealistic, emotional current. He begins the story of his last day at Pencey Prep by telling how he stood at the top of Thomsen Hill, preparing to leave the school and trying to feel ?some kind of a good-by.? He visits Spencer in Chapter 2 even though he failed Spencer?s history class, and he seems to respond to Mrs. Spencer?s kindness. What bothers him the most, in these chapters and throughout the book, is the hypocrisy and ugliness around him, which diminish the innocence and beauty of the external world?the unpleasantness of Spencer?s sickroom, for instance, and his hairless legs sticking out of his pajamas. Salinger thus treats his narrator as more than a mere portrait of a cynical postwar rich kid at an impersonal and pressure-filled boarding school. Even in these early chapters, Holden connects with life on a very idealistic level; he seems to feel its flaws so deeply that he tries to shield himself with a veneer of cynicism. The Catcher in the Rye is in many ways a book about the betrayal of innocence by the modern world; despite his bitter tone, Holden is an innocent searching desperately for a way to connect with the world around him that will not cause him pain. In these early chapters, the reader already begins to sense that Holden is not an entirely reliable narrator and that the reality of his situation is somehow different from the way he describes it. In part this is simply because Holden is a first-person narrator describing his own experiences from his own point of view. Any individual?s point of view, in any novel or story, is necessarily limited. The reader never forgets for a moment who is telling this story, because the tone, grammar, and diction are consistently those of an adolescent?albeit a highly intelligent and expressive one?and every event receives Holden?s distinctive commentary. However, Holden?s narrative contains inconsistencies that make us question what he says. Fo r instance, Holden characterizes Spencer?s behavior throughout as vindictive and mean-spirited, but Spencer?s actions clearly seem to be motivated by concern for Holden?s well-being. Holden seems to be looking for reasons not to listen to Spencer.

Insider epistemology Essays

Insider epistemology Essays Insider epistemology Essay Insider epistemology Essay The view that you have to be one to know one, that to understand a group you must be a member of that group, is known as insider epistemology (Fay, 1996, p. 9). In my work I will try to explain and define this thesis, making it more tangible through the use of examples both of situations for with insider epistemology seems valid and of instances in which group differences have tried to be overcome. I shall then go on to present problems and questions that arise with it; amongst others whether it is at all possible to place people in categories, to what extent we are able to understand anyone but ourselves and, for that matter, whether we can even understand ourselves. Finally, I shall suggest a reconciliation of the thesis with its counterarguments by introducing a more precise definition of the phrase you have to be one to know one. In our society today we tend to take one of two approaches toward people in some way different to ourselves: we either condemn their actions as wrong and try to impose our own viewpoint on them, or we resist judgement by saying that their frame of mind is so substantially different to ours that we couldnt possibly understand and even less criticize their actions. I would like to focus on this second approach. Whether we are speaking about youths from troubled backgrounds with an early criminal record, or about a far-off tribe with seemingly strange customs, or about the way of life of monks in the 13th century; the belief is that unless we were there to experience what they did, or unless we belong to their group, we have no way of understanding them. In other words, to know them we must be them, the claim of insider epistemology. Insider epistemology maintains that to know other insiders one has to be an insider oneself (Fay, 1996, p. 9). It is saying that you cannot understand a Muslim unless you are a Muslim yourself, a Russian peasant unless you are a Russian peasant yourself. James I. Charlton speaks of the innate inability of able-bodied people, regardless of fancy credentials and awards, to understand the disability experience (Bridges, 2001). The reasoning is simple: how could you possibly understand a group if you have not grown up in their surroundings and with their experiences? Various literary works illustrate this: Jung Changs Wild Swans, for example, only became such a moving and inspiring account because written by a person who experienced Chinese history of the 20th century first hand. She was able to tell the story of her family in a political and historical context without having to resort to research and second hand accounts. She might have even felt quite offended had an outsider written her story claiming to know exactly how she felt and exactly what she went through; she would probably consider her experiences to be unique and not likely to be truly understood by anyone but her family and herself and perhaps not even by her family because they did not have the exact same experiences as she did. This position that each person has privileged access to his or her own mental states and processes (Fay, 1996, p. 10) is called individual methodological solipsism (Merton, 1972, p. 5) and is a more radical form of insider epistemology. It argues that only I can know my own mind, so I can never know whether experiences and sensations are the same for other people: does the colour red look the same to others (Fay, 1996, p. 10)? Does pain feel the same if experienced by another? A train of thoughts which can make us feel truly lonely indeed! Throughout time there have been a number of attempts to transgress the b oundaries separating groups from each other and go native (Smith, n. d. ). John Howard Griffin painted his face black and travelled through the south of the USA during the height of racial segregation to be able to experience the treatment of a black man (Fay, 1996, p. 13). Liza Crihfield Dalby wanted to write her PhD on the life and experiences of a Japanese geisha, and thought the only way to do this was to live as a geisha in Kyoto for a year (Dalby, 1983). It would seem that by doing this they would be able to gain an insider perspective on the culture and group they were living with? Yet herein lies the illusion: no matter how long they played their insider role, it would remain a role. Their upbringing had instilled in them a set of values and beliefs, by themselves perhaps unrecognized or unacknowledged, but nevertheless existing and fundamentally different to that of the group they were studying. Furthermore, if ever they were to find themselves in a precarious situation, they would always be able to resort back to their original identity, and not have to bare the consequences as a black man or a geisha might. They are able to wear the mask of an insider, but under the mask the outsider stays the same. This can be further illustrated: if we say that the social and cultural world shape a person or groups identity, regarding the fact that society and culture differs hugely from place to place, and insist on the fact that to understand an insider you must be an insider yourself, then we must conclude that any understanding between groups is impossible. This, in turn, would mean that social science would become radically unlike hard science (Smith, n. d. ), because no research would be possible on a neutral and objective basis. In fact, every group would have to be in charge of its own social research, be its own social scientist (Fay, 1996, p. 12). Still, if we are not able understand another group, we would consequently also not be able to understand the research done by an insider social scientist of the other group. Each group would be its own isolated unit and incapable of sharing any knowledge. However, there are problems to be found in using the word group. By picturing a group as a homogenous set of individuals, we are categorizing its members as all being equal and being members of only that group. We are forgetting that categories as broad as women, South American, adopted children, etc. are no indication of individual identity and experiences. Indeed, by placing all adopted children in the same group, we are neglecting the fact that adoption can be a completely different experience for one child compared to another. The differences between members of one group may actually outweigh their similarities (Bridges, 2001, p. 3; Fay, 1996, p. 53) and insiders of groups may insist on a distinction being made between each other, therefore Argentineans might find it offensive to be put in the same category as Bolivians or vice versa. But if we carry these divisions within categories further, then we must distinguish between Argentineans from Buenos Aires and those from Patagonia, in Buenos Aires between the poor and the wealthy, within the poor between the homeless and people living in small shacks, within the homeless between men and women, within men between old and young, and so on until there is no more than one person left for each category which takes us back to the theory of solipsism, that only I can know myself, and therefore to the impossibility of mutual understanding. In social research difficulties may arise as many of the political and ethical dilemmas ( ) stem from the researchers simultaneous occupation of a status as insider and outsider in relation to those they are researching (Charles, 1997, p. 394), since boundaries between groups are never clear-cut. But this evokes the idea that ultimately, if I am the only person left in my category and nobody from outside my category can truly understand me, I must know my own self best, and this idea we must question. For many instances come to mind where we dont really understand ourselves. When writing an exam, for example, we are not conscious of all the thought processes going on within our head and we would have a hard time explaining how we wrote it. Fay writes that the mind does not have an unmediated knowledge of itself (1996, p. 19), meaning that we cannot necessarily interpret the experiences and feelings we have. Similarly I have no detailed recollection of the day my dog was put to sleep, it went by in a blur. Not only did I not have full knowledge of myself on that day but with time it has changed further: my personal account of that day would probably be very inaccurate because tinted by my emotions and patchy with suppressed memories (Bridges, 2001, p. 2). Furthermore, it is well known that a stressed person is the last to realize or acknowledge it, what is needed is precisely a person on the outside a doctor, a parent, a wife to diagnose the symptoms and look at our taken-for-granted experience through ( ) the eye of a stranger (Bridges, 2001, p. ), so from an outsider perspective. Our insider perspective does not necessarily work to our advantage because, as Fay puts it, knowledge of what we are experiencing always involves an interpretation of these experiences (1996, p. 19). Likewise, being a member of a group does not always give us the best knowledge of it. For example, a sports player is not automatically the best sports commentator (Fay, 1996, p. 20), and being a native speake r of a language often means that you have more difficulties explaining grammar rules than a non-native speaker. Merton is his studies found that the judgements of insiders are best trusted when they assess groups other than their own (1972, p. 18). Distance can create better knowledge because it gives a wider view of things: Fay gives the example of Hitlers biographers who were able to understand him not in the sense of being sympathetic toward him but of giving an accurate account of his character and motivations precisely because their distance enabled them to make a connection between internal emotions and external situations (Fay, 1996, p. 24). But how can we reconcile this argument with the one made earlier that Jung Chang was only able to write such an extraordinary account because she was an insider? Maybe the answer lies in that knowledge does not rely solely on whether one is a member of a certain group or not. Knowing something implies that we understand its meaning and have made sense of it, not that we have an empathetic understanding of it. Fay compares making sense of something with trying to decipher a difficult poem rather than trying to achieve some sort of inner mental union with its author (1996, p. 25). Sensitivity and criticality are the relevant criteria to understanding rather than being an insider or outsider to a group whether we are speaking about women, Muslims or Russian peasants. An insider may however be more aware of the issues at hand; he may not have the automatic ability to truly understand but his status might facilitate it. If we really had to be one to know one, most of our world today would become pointless: media, research, welfare, etc. Why be informed about the war in Iraq if we can neither understand the Iraqis nor the soldiers nor the politicians? Why make any judgement, any protest? Because our insider status as human beings gives us the sensitivity to reject violence and suffering, even if we are outsiders on all other factors.

Information security management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Information security management - Essay Example Taking a step back, there is value in situating a risk assessment process for Accounting Company in the context of a cycle for managing risks. The chart below situates this particular exercise for Accounting Company in terms of a cycle that includes the (1) assessment of risks and determination of needs; (2) the implementation of controls and policies; (3) the promotion of awareness; and (4) monitoring and evaluation; all occurring within the context of a central point of focus (United States General Accounting Office 6): Meanwhile, a compilation of risk assessment approaches for information security that is taken from best practices of many different top organizations in the US has distilled the most important elements of an effective security risk assessment as follows: (1) the identification of threats that could significantly impair crucial assets and operations; (2) estimation of the likelihood of the occurrence of such identified threats; (3) the identification and prioritization of assets and operations in order to determine the most crucial assets and operations to protect in cases of the occurrence of the identified threats; 4) the estimation of probable losses in the event of the occurrence of the threats, to included losses from the costs of recovery, for the most important assets and operations (5) the identification of interventions for risk mitigation, where the emphasis is on the cost-effectiveness of such interventions; and (6) the documentation of the results and the development of a plan of action (General Accounting Office 6). To be sure, while the above outlines a generic information security risk assessment approach that is the common denominator for all kinds of effective, best practice, approaches, the literature actually details many different kinds. Including a matrix approach (Goel and Chen), and many other different best practice

The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example Jake Barnes of Ernest Hemingway’s novel â€Å"The Sun Also Rises,† is the hero, as he possesses these qualities of head and heart. This hero knows the values of simple pleasures of life and finds the meaning of existence in them in trying circumstances. Hemingway places Jake into tragic situations to test his mettle, and shows how Jake does not submit to them meekly, and emerges with credit to set examples to others. Those who come into his contact have no option but to praise his disposition and learn something of the leadership qualities that are needed in a war situation. Pressure does not create any adverse reactions in his dealings. Jake is not a hero in terms of physical strength, but of the mind. His understanding of life is profound and he is not affected with success or failure. Sincere and skillful performances are his concerns. Jake has two types of values. One set is related to the army of which he is the integral part and another set relates to his personal values. He will not, under any circumstances violate the army rules but adds dignity to them with his personal values. His code of morality inspires even the enemy that is at war. Thus humanity and morality always triumph over enmity. The successful execution of the balancing act in a difficult situation is the hallmark of a true hero like Jake. The aftermath of World War I left harrowing societal situations. Jake’s war-incurred injury has turned him sexually impotent. However, he still has romantic urges, both intellectually and sexually. In the first part of the novel, a prostitute Georgette LeBlanc, catches the imagination of Jake and though he is unable to have any sexual relations with her, he still hires her and confesses, â€Å"[I had] a vague sentimental idea that it would be nice to eat with someone." (24) The generation, immediately after the war, finds itself directionless and destination-less. In such a grim situation anyone will turn cynical, but not Jake. He i s physically challenged from the war. He is part of the aimless and scared war survivors, but the important traits of his charismatic personality are depicted brilliantly by Hemingway. Nowhere in the novel is Jake a resigned character. He has his emotional problems, besides his physical disability. His sacrifice wins him the accolades of an Italian General who exclaims, â€Å"You†¦.have given more than your life. What a speech! I would like to have it illuminated to hang in the office.†(39) Jake’s disability affects his life from both ends, physically as well as emotionally. From the physical angle he is unable to consummate his love for Brett Ashley, and the tragic part of the relationship is, he must spend his time being in nearness to the one who is most dear to his heart at that turn of his life and he has daily interactions with her. He accepts his handicap that would have crushed any man, with great sense of equipoise. He does not exploit his physical handic ap to emotionally blackmail Brett, and he tries to overcome his plight with courage showing great understanding. He does not escape from the reality. He is desperate, but he will not compromise with the reality of his intense internal suffering arising out of his physical handicap. Hemmingway describes the plight of Jake brilliantly in the brief conversation that takes between the two lovers. This is the fitting finale to the story of the novel. â€Å"

Deviance Behavior Criminal

Deviance Behavior Criminal Deviance: Is It In the Eye of the Beholder? Abstract Deviant behavior is described as actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including formally enacted rules as well as informal violations of social norms. This paper will examine what the various types of deviance and will present the important theories of deviance. There is often the argument that deviance is in the eye of the beholder but after research I found out that it is not quite true. Deviance is an established abnormality in individuals and society and sociologist have been seeking to find solutions for it for decades by applying various theories upon this abnormality. There are seven major theories of deviance that are further followed by sublistings of variations on themes. These theories are differential association, anomie, Marxian conflict, social control theory, labeling, utilitarian/deterrence and routine activities. Deviance is also broadly categorized into three basic forms of rule breaking behavior; good, odd and bad behavior. It is now realized that though many acts maybe deviant they may still not constitute bad or criminal behavior. But they are still socially reprimanded because of their nature such as highly inappropriate modes of dress. There is the absolutist stand in viewing deviance and the relativist stand. The absolutist stand places all blame of the deviant act upon the individual while the relativist stand is more lenient in taking into account the larger picture that considers societal factors and other influences in causing deviant behavior. The modern day sociologist is considered to be a relativist who believes in taking the middle road when analyzing deviant behavior. According to Shur (1965), ‘The societal reaction to the deviant, then, is vital to an understanding of the deviance itself and a major element in—if not a cause of—the deviant behavior. Deviance: Is It In the Eye of the Beholder? When it come to an attempt to ascertain whether or not deviance is in the eye of the beholder, the fact is that all the research that is related to deviance only proves that it is a phenomena that is not in the eye of the beholder but a valid and recognized form of socially abnormal behavior. In any given society of the world, deviance is an established of behavior that breaks out of the recognized norms and requires to be corrected in order for the normal flow of social life to progress. Deviance describes actions or behaviors that clearly violate cultural norms including formally and informally enacted rules as well as informal and formal violations of these rules, regulations and norms. This paper will try to depict how deviance is seen, created, challenged and enforced. Deviance is an act defined as the deliberate violation of the cultural norms of a given society. The most prevalent form of deviance is crime of any sort or the violation of societal norms enacted by a society that have been formally enacted into criminal law (What is Deviance?) Deviance has been recognized as an integral part of every society and hence is studied as a sociological science. In being studies as a science of society, there is little doubt that deviance should be considered to be in the eye of the beholder. The sociology of deviance is based on the study of deviant behavior as the recognized violation of cultural norms. It also deals with the creation and enforcement of those norms. It is important to understand that certain deviant behaviors may not be recognized as such by all societal standards. In other words, not all societies have rules that would disallow all forms of behavior. But still every society does have its own set of social rules that when broken, consti tute deviance for the members of that particular society. Rather on the contrary, deviance is defined in relative terms with different societies having different ways to view the same behavior (Sociology of Deviance). Many of the theories that are related to deviance and criminal behavior are simple and uncomplicated stating one or two explanatory principles that apply to all instances of the particular form of deviance that is being explained. These are also called simple theories that are conventionally classified into six or seven major categories and have sublistings of variations on themes. The categorical schemes that are most popular are related to strain, learning, labeling, control, opportunity, psychodynamic and biological. According to Pearson and Weiner (1985) the simple theories that are most important are differential association (Sutherland and Cressey 1978), anomie (Merton,1975), Marxian Conflict (Bonger 1916; Quinney 1970), social control (Hirschi 1969), labeling (Becker 1963; Gove 1975, 1980; Schur 1971), utilitarian/deterrence (Andenaes 1974; Becker 1968; Cornish and Clarke 1986; Gibbs 1975; Tunnell 1992; Zimring and Hawkins 1973) and routine activities (Cohen and Felson 1979) ( Tittle, 1995). Sutherland and Cresseys theory of differential association is considered to be one of the most prominent social learning theories. Sutherlands research was focused on white collar crime, professional theft and intelligence and disputed the notion that crime was a function of peoples inadequacy in the lower classes. He did not consider crime to stem from individual traits or from socioeconomic positions but to be a function of a learning process that could affect any individual regardless of culture. The acquisition of behavior is a social learning process rather than a political or legal process. Consequently the skills and motives that are conducive to crime are learned as a result of contact with pro-crime attitudes, values, definitions and other related pattern of criminal behavior. The basic principles of differential theory are that criminal behavior is learned, learning is a byproduct of interaction, learning occurs within intimate groups, criminal techniques are learned, perce ptions of legal code influences motives and drives, differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity, the process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal with anticriminal and criminal influences involve all of the mechanisms that would be involved in any other learning process and that criminal behavior is an expression of the general needs and values but it is not excused by those general needs and values because non-criminal behavior is also an expression of the same needs and values (Seigel, 2005). The theory of anomie was presented by Robert Merton and it explains the occurrence of crime as well as wider disorder and deviance. This theory is considered to be a wide ranging and essential sociological explanation for deviance. Merton borrows the term anomie from Durkheim and rejects individualistic explanations of crime and criminal behavior stating them to be socially learned. He also says that there are social structural limitations imposed on access to the means to achieve these goals. The focus of his work is on the position of the individual within the social system rather than on personality characteristics. He says, â€Å"Our primary aim lies in discovering some social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in non-conformist conduct† (Burke, 2005). This theory is based on the work of Karl Marx and views a dominant class as being in control of the resources of society, using its power to not only create institutional rules but entire belief systems that support this power. The theory looks at the structure of society as a whole in trying to develop explanations for deviant behavior. According to this theory the economic organization of capitalist societies is responsible for producing deviance and crime. Since this scenario causes certain groups in society to have access to less resources in capitalist society they are hence forced into deviance and crime to sustain themselves. The high rate of economic crimes such as theft, robbery, prostitution and drug selling is explained by conflict theorists to be the result of the economic status of these groups. Contrary to emphasizing values and conformity as a source of deviance, as done by functional analyses, the conflict theories view deviance as the direct result of power relations hips and economic inequality (Andersen, Taylor, 2006). The theory of social control was offered by Hirschi and it evolved from many previous contributions. The primary concept of the theory is the ability to deviate from normative behavior. Many people do not engage in deviant behavior because of their bond to society. Social bond was also conceptualized by Hirschi on the basis of the attachment of the individual to others, commitment to conventional lines of action, involvement and belief in legitimate order. These four components were regarded by Hircshi as being independent and having a generally negative association with the chances of engaging in deviant behavior. It was his opinion that when the elements of social bond were weakened, the probability of delinquency and deviancy increased (Weis, Crutchfield, Bridges, 2001). Labeling theory is considered important in the study of deviance since it focuses not only on crime but also the situation surrounding the crime. It goes beyond viewing the criminal as a robot like person whose actions are predetermined by also recognizing that crime is often the result of complex interactions and processes. Decisions to commit crimes and other acts of deviance involve the action of a variety of people that include peers, victims, police and other key characters. Additionally, labeling also fosters crime by guiding the actions of all parties involved in these criminal interactions. Actions that are considered insignificant and innocent when committed by one person are considered provocative and deviant when committed by another who has been labeled a miscreant. On the same note, labeled individuals may also be quick to judge, take offense and misinterpret the behaviors of others due to their past experiences (Siegel, 2004). Sociologist clam that when a person becomes known as a deviant, and is ascribed deviant behavior patterns, it is as much, if not more, to do with the way they have been stigmatized, then the deviant act they are said to have committed. As a matter of fact, labeling theory has subsequently become significantly dominant in the explanation of deviance. This theory is also often referred to as rationale choice or â€Å"economic† theory. The main idea of the theory is that all human acts are decisional and that any behavior is more easily understood in terms of relative costs and benefits. When the cost of any behavior exceeds the benefit or utility for any individual he or she will in all likelihood forgo it. But when the benefits exceed the cost, the behavior will follow. Hence if one could learn the costs and benefits of different courses of actions it would make it easy to explain and predict what will happen (Tittle, 1995). The theory of routine activities asserts the fact that high crime rates in the US have always been a part of normal life. The main concept of the theory are taken from the insights of a number of other perspectives on crime and victimization such a the free-will basis of human action or rational choice and empirical studies that reflect that patterns of crimes and victimization differ in time, in location and in the social distance between the victim and the offender. The key claim of the theory if that the patterns of victimization and crime are the result of the everyday interaction of the potential offenders, suitable targets, and guardians. It is the interaction of these three variables within geographical space and in time that eventually determines the rates of crime and delinquency in modern society (Beirne, Beirne, Messerschmidt, 1999). Deviance is broadly categorized into three basic forms of rule breaking behavior; good, odd or bad behavior. Deviance that could be considered good or even admirable but which still breaks out of social norms is something akin to heroism such as putting ones own life in danger in an attempt to save the life of another person. There are many behaviors that may be considered odd even though they may not be criminal. They are considered odd because they are different than behavior that is shown by other people. Examples of this deviance range from outlandish or inappropriate modes of dress, mildly eccentric behavior such as a person who sees nothing wrong in sharing their house with 50 cats to outright madness. Bad behavior is what the name implies it to be; law breaking or criminal behavior that in some way is seen as being something more than simply outlandish or eccentric. The different kinds of behavior in this category constitute crime, violence, crimes against property and the lik e dependant on the time and place at which they take place (Types of Deviance). Though the definition of deviance and the different ways of interpreting it have undergone much research over the years, the fact that there is indeed such behavior in every society that clearly deviates from the norms of that society and hence constitutes deviant behavior hasnt changed. According to Rock (1973), â€Å"The common sense definition has not changed: the absolutist orientation still prevails. Not so for social science. Sociologists in particular now realize that, contrary to common sense, the identification of and reaction to deviance in everybodys life is no different from other areas of life: these processes hinge on one persons interpretation of another persons deeds. The chief difference between interpretations in other areas of life and those in deviance lies in the use of a moral yardstick when deviance is interpreted. To be sure, what is seen a deviant is part of everyday knowledge of common-sense reality. But it is a socially constructed reality† (Rosenber g, 1983). Because most of the world does have a socially constructed view of deviance, it makes people view the act and not the actor. Societies, heritages, morals passed down from generations, and religious preferences have all blinded individuals from using their own personal judgments and common sense. My interest in this particular topic had a lot to do with my free will of judgment in reference to how I myself viewed deviance and although I guide my kids into what is believed to be right and wrong, I also teach them to make their own decision on what they consider to be deviant in their eyes. As times change, so does the world and although some things are more acceptable, values remain the same. However, if one really wants to understand the way deviance is viewed, created, challenged and enforced, one has to take a much deeper view. It is not enough to focus on the individual deviant and the means of society trying to transform a behavior into some acceptable normal thing; one also needs to examine those who insist on this transformation and who have defined it as deviant in the first place. In some cases, it may be the actual values or the way people judge and label deviant behaviors that is more deviant than the acts or behaviors itself. In conclusion, after examining the types of deviance and the different theories of deviance it can be surmised that it wont be logical to say that â€Å"deviance is simply in the eyes of the beholder†. Deviance is a recognized social ill. It also needs be mentioned here that there are two ways in which sociologists view deviance; the absolutist way and the relativist way. The absolutist are not willing to cut any slack at all in the discussing of deviance being an effect of environment, society and other factors related to it laying all blame of the deviant behavior entirely on the individual. To the contrary, the relativists are the ones who present their case in a manner akin to â€Å"so deviance, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder†¦almost every conceivable human characteristic or activity is pariah in somebodys eyes† (Simmons, 1969). In modern times most of the sociologists are relativists where they claim that human action is neither inherently deviant nor inherently nondeviant but dependant of the effects of the environment and society as well. However, in determining the validity of deviance it is best to adopt a middle position which is neither strictly absolutist nor strictly relativist. Given the growing diversities of societies all over the world, it is only by adopting this middle path can one truly judge deviant behavior and seek plausible solution to it by applying the theories of deviance upon them. According to Schur (1965), ‘The societal reaction to the deviant, then, is vital to the understanding of the deviance itself and a major element in—if not a cause of—the deviant behavior. In my opinion, deviance is in the eyes of the beholder nonetheless, it is still a societal ill that first needs to be treated as such before solutions can be sought to remedy it. References Andersen, M. L., Taylor, H. F. (2006) Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. Pp. 170 (Thomson Wadsworth 2006) Beirne, Beirne, P., Messerschmidt, J. W. (1999) Criminology: Third Edition. Pp. 215 (Westview Press, 1999) Burke, R. H. (2005) An Introduction to Criminological Theory. Pp. 100 (Willan Publishing 2005) Rosenberg, M. (1983) Introduction to Sociology. Pp. 404 (Routledge 1983) Siegel, L. J. (2004) Criminology: The Core. Pp. 173 (Thomson Wadsworth 2004) Siegel, L. J. (2005) Criminology. Pp. 226 (Thomson Wadsworth 2005) Sociology of Deviance. Wikipedia. Retrieved on July 12, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_deviance Tittle, C. R. (1995) Control Balance: Toward a General Theory of Deviance. Pp. 1 (Westview Press 1995) Types of Deviance. Retrieved on July 15, 2008 from http://www.sociology.org.uk/wsdo2.htm Weis, J. G., Crutchfield, R. D., Bridges, G. S. (2001) Juvenile Delinquency: Readings. Pp. 364 (Pine Forge Press 2001) What is Deviance? Retrieved on July 15, 2008 from http://www.geocities.com/tdeddins/deviance.htm

Cost Management & Cost Control Essay

In broad sense, both the terms have the same meaning. Yet cost management seems to connote broader perspective. Cost control to an un-initiated may mean cutting down the incurrence of cost or expenditure every time or in every situation. In reality it is not always so. In many specific situations, many times, one has to spend or incur cost in order to gain or make more money. It is in fact like an investment. Cost management sounds better then. Profits Making profits or running with surpluses is an essential objective of any organization whether a business organization, non-government non-profit making trust or government. Profit = Revenue (or Price X Units Sold) – Overall Costs (or All Expenses) One can make more profit by: * Increasing the price * Selling more units * Reducing costs In globally competitive environment, increasing the price is not always feasible, Therefore, one has to resort to increasing the sales volumes or decreasing the costs. Overall Cost Reduction: Better Strategy If you do some quick calculations, you may find that: * Increasing the sales volumes by say, 5% will increase the profit by only by that much percentage i.e. 5% increase in profit. * On the other hand reducing the overall cost by 5% may increase the profit in the range from 20% to 45%. Cost Build-up There are two ways of looking at as to how products or services start costing. Conventional Way Cost = Direct Labor Cost + Direct Material Cost + Overhead Cost Activity Based Costing (ABC) Way * Various activities are performed. * Activities attract resources like man, machine, material, money, time and information. * These resources mean money or cost. * Number of activities multiplied by costs attached to the resources consumed by the activities = Overall Cost Cost Reduction Methods Conventional * Reduce direct labor expenses * Reduce direct material expenses * Reduce overhead expenses Non-conventional * Reduce or eliminate (non-value adding) activities * Reduce the consumption of the resources by these activities and even by value adding activities. Cost Management/Control by Controlling Non-Value Adding Activities * Product or services go through processes. * Processes consist of activities. * Activities are: value adding and non-value adding. * Therefore, reduce and finally, eliminate non-value adding activities. * One may think of spending money on value-adding activities if the returns because of putting that extra money (investment) exceed the invested amount. Cost Management/Control by Controlling Seven Notorious Wastes 1. Waste of overproduction 2. Waste of waiting 3. Waste of transportation 4. Waste of processing itself 5. Waste of stocks 6. Waste of motion 7. Waste of making defective products/services

Michelle Obama Speech NAACP Essay

In Michelle Obama’s speech â€Å"Remarks to the NAACP National Convention,† she laments that childhood obesity is a serious issue in America today, back when she was young children were always out playing and being active, nowadays children would rather sit inside and play video games then do anything else. Since most children are seldom most of the time and spend hours upon hours watching television â€Å"every extra hour of TV they watch is associated with the consumption of an additional 167 calories.† (423). Children aren’t just becoming lazier, they’re actually becoming more and more unhealthy as time goes on developing â€Å"diabetes and cancer, heart disease, asthma.† (420). In an effort to try and help fix childhood obesity Obama launched the â€Å"Let’s Move† campaign, which even features commercials on Disney Channel showing the Disney celebrities outside playing some kind of physical activity. The four main points to this campaign are; The first one consists of giving parents knowledge to give their children healthy food not fast food. The second point states that the government is attempting to replace fatty foods in schools with healthier options, regardless of how the children will feel about it. The third part of the campaign is just trying to show children that being active actually is fun, it doesn’t just have to be challenging. The final point Obamas’ campaign states is that all families no matter what their income is, wealthy or struggling, should have the ability to get fresh and healthy food without breaking the bank. Works Cited Page Obama, Michelle. â€Å"Remarks to the NAACP National Convention.† They Say / I Say with Readings. Ed. Gerald Garaff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012. 417-433. Print.

Similarities Between Roman And Roman Cinema - 1506 Words

Numerous influences established Roman theatrical entertainment. Etruscan and Greek antecedent are what predominantly shaped ancient Roman entertainment. Etruscans were people who lived in modern day Tuscany and parts of Umbria (Beacham, 1991). Rome inherited all attributes of the Etruscan religious festivals, where various theatrical performances were given, ranging from acting to chariot racing. For instance these carnival-like festivals occurred to please the gods though theatrical offerings. Another element that the Etruscans contributed was the importance of music and usages of masks and dance. In Etruria, music was accompanied in most activities varying from sacrifices to daily work (Brocket, 1995). Additionally roman theatrical†¦show more content†¦The contrasting from, Fabula Togata were comedies based on Roman material and subjects that provided the audience with situation of domestic and day-to-day life. Plautus and Terrance were the only two authors who had survivi ng roman comedies. Titus Plautus (251-184 BC) wrote around 205 works, but only 21 comedies survived (Wickham, 1992). All his plays are based on Greek new comedy by would add many Roman allusions. He was admired for his Latin dialogue, poetic manner, and witty jokes in his comedies. These characteristics were what described him of having â€Å"comical powers†. Publius Terentius Affer, best known as Terrance (195 – 159 BC) was also a very famous comic with six surviving plays. He would have complex plots, as he would combine more than one Greek original. Identifiable characteristics in his work would be the use of everyday language and the use of double plots (Brocket, 1995). (ENDING) Roman tragedy was not a prominent theatrical form during the rise of the Roman Empire, however it was highly regarded by the audience during the republic (Brocket, 1995). Although no actual plays survived, it is through fragments, titles and notes that indicate how most of them were adapted from Greek originals. In fact these tragedies were barely based on Roman subjects themselves. The main differences in these plays from the